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Human Sex > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the dimensions of human sexuality?

A

socio cultural, biological, ethical, and psychological

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2
Q

Sociocultural dimension

A

The sum of the cultural & social influences that affect our thoughts and actions both historical & contemporary

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3
Q

Biological Dimension

A

Involves physical appearance, responses to sexual stimulation, physiological cycles & changes, growth and development, etc

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4
Q

Ethical Dimension

A

Includes questions of right and wrong, should I or shouldn’t I, yes or no.

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5
Q

Psychological Dimension

A

Attitudes & feelings towards oneself and other people

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6
Q

What are the four components of sexual intelligence

A

Understanding self
Having interpersonal sexual skills and integrity
Obtaining accurate scientific sexual knowledge
Having consideration of the cultural context of sexuality

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7
Q

What does psychosocial orientation take into account

A

biological, psychological and social conditioning factors

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8
Q

Islamic Middle East

A

Based on beliefs of Muhammad
Belief that sex should be enjoyed by both sexes
Women viewed inherently more sexual than men (this power contained by veils, segregation, female circumcision)
Oppression of women and many sexually related restrictions stem from patriarchal cultural traditions and fundamentalist sects, not from religion and the teaching of the Qur’an

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9
Q

Ancient China

A

Produced the earliest known sex manuals
Under Taoism, sexual activity was promoted for spiritual growth and harmony
The sexual connection of men and women was believed to join the opposing forces of yin and yang

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10
Q

Sexual conservatism with communist rule (1949)

A

Lack of basic information about sexuality
Sex outside of marriage and frequent sex within marriage discouraged
Low STI rates

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11
Q

China current trends

A

Increasing rates of premarital sex
Increasing rates of HIV infection
Slightly more open to homosexuality
Still lack sexual knowledge and safe-sex skills

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12
Q

US Cultural themes

A

Sex for procreation
Definition of sex and intercourse used synonymously
Male and female gender roles
Rigid distinction between male & female roles in sexuality

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13
Q

Ancient Hebrews

A
  • highly specialized gender roles
  • sex within marriage is necessity
  • list of what makes a good wife
  • importance of reproduction to preserve their people
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14
Q

Christianity

A 
Spirituality through celibacy
Sex outside of marriage as sinful
Contradictory images of women emerged
Virgin Mary: compassionate, pure, & unattainable
Eve: evil temptress
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15
Q

Positive Thinking Shifts

A

Protestant reformation
Temporary increase in respect for women

Enlightenment; scientific rationalism
Value of sex in marriage, goes beyond procreation

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16
Q

Victorian Era

A

Women’s role constrained; women as asexual
Emotional & physical distance between husband and wife
Prostitution flourished
Continued polarized view of women as Madonna or whore
Mosher’s research contradicts prevailing view

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17
Q

20th cent and ww2

A

The beginning of the 20th century
Suffrage movement
19th amendment gives women the right to vote
automobile

World War II
Gender roles were expanded & more flexible
Postwar return to stricter roles
penicillin

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18
Q

birth control dates

A

1965 for married women

1973 for unmarried

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19
Q

1972

A

AMA removed homosexuality from dsm

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20
Q

1981

A

first case of aids

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21
Q

2004

A

mass first state to legalize ss marriage

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22
Q

goals of sexology

A

Understand sexual behavior
Predict sexual behavior
Control / Influence sexual behavior
Ethical considerations when controlling behavior

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23
Q

Case studies

A

non- experimental
Single subject or small group
Each studied individually and in depth

Data gathered using:
Direct observation
Questionnaires
Testing
Interviews
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24
Q

pros and cons of case studies

A

Advantages:
In depth explorations
Flexibility in data gathering procedures

Disadvantages:
Hard to generalize results
Often based on retrospective self-report
Not suitable for many research questions

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25
Q

Direct Observational Study

A

non experimenSmall to moderate samples
Observe and record responses of subjects
- Reliability increases with representative sample and accuracy of recording devices

Advantages:
Eliminates possibility of falsification
Records can be kept indefinitely

Disadvantages:
Self-selection, behavior influenced by observers, expense
tal

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26
Q

Which of the non-experimental research methods has provided the most data about human sexuality?

A

survey

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27
Q

Procedures

A 
experimental
Small to moderate samples:
Independent variable
Condition or component that is manipulated
Dependent variable
Outcome or resulting behavior

Reliability and validity increase with:
Random selection
Random assignment

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28
Q

technologies

A

Penile strain gauge
measures slightest change in penis size

Vaginal photoplethysmograph
measures increased vaginal blood volume

Vaginal Myograph
Rectal Myograph

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29
Q

labiaplasty

A

3rd fastest growing plastic surgery procedure

30
Q

vestibular bulbs

A

2 bulbs under the inner labia & extending from below the clitoris, surrounding the urethral & vaginal openings

31
Q

Bartholins glands

A

2 small glands slightly inside the vaginal opening

32
Q

3 sex hormones from ovaries

A

estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone

33
Q

how many layers in the uterus

A

3

34
Q

cervix size

A

2in wide, 3 in long

35
Q

about how many mature eggs does a woman have

A

4000

36
Q

primary vs secondary amenorrhea

A

not getting a period, missing a period

37
Q

initial menstrual onset age

A

11-15

38
Q

ovulation

A

14 days before period

39
Q

female hormones from pituitary

A

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Estrogen production in ovaries
Ovum maturation in follicles inside ovaries
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Stimulates release of mature ovum
Stimulates development of corpus luteum, the progesterone-secreting part of the follicle that remains after egg is released

40
Q

phases of the menstrual cycle

A

menstrual phase, Proliferative phase: follicles mature, release ovum
↑ FSH: ovum (egg) matures inside follicle
Ovaries produce estrogen: causes endometrium to thicken a little
↑ LH: causes ovulation
Secretory phase: Corpus luteum develops
Corpus luteum develops from follicles
Secretes progesterone → endometrium thickens & engorges w/blood & nutrients in preparation for implantation of a fertilized egg
If there is no implantation, corpus luteum degenerates, and estrogen & progesterone levels fall –> triggers menstruation

41
Q

glans

A

head

42
Q

corona

A

rim of glans

43
Q

frenulum

A

highly sensitive thin strip of skin connecting the glans to the shaft on the underside of the penis

44
Q

avg age of menopause

A

51

45
Q

how often should you get a pap smear according to usphtf

A

every 3yrs until 30, btwn 30-65 every 5 years

46
Q

breast cancer affects how many woman

A

1 in 8. kills 40,000 annually,5000000 worldwide

47
Q

crura

A

innermost tips of the cavernous bodies that connect to the pubic bones

48
Q

tunica dartos

A

The 2nd layer of the scrotal sac

Contains muscle that reacts to changes in temperature

49
Q

cremastric muscle

A

Influences the position of the testes in the scrotal sac

Can voluntarily be contracted, causing the testes to move upward

50
Q

Cryptorchidism

A

undescended testes

51
Q

site of sperm production

A

Seminiferous tubules

52
Q

Epididymis

A

sperm maturation and storage

53
Q

vas deferens

A

Begins at the base of testis & ends at the urethra

Move sperm from scrotum to ejaculatory duct through prostate

54
Q

seminal vesicle

A

Two small glands adjacent to the terminals of the vas deferens
Secretes an alkaline fluid conducive to sperm motility & is high in fructose
Secretions accounts for as much as 70% of seminal fluid

55
Q

cowpers glands

A

Two pea-sized glands located alongside the base of the urethra
Secrete a slippery, mucus-like alkaline fluid that appears as a droplet at the tip of the penis

56
Q

Phimosis

A

Extremely tight penile foreskin

57
Q

testicular cancer

A

Incidence rate of 4 per 100,000 men
Most common malignancy that occurs in young men 20 to 35 years old
Hard or irregular mass in testes
Survival is greater than 90% if detected early

58
Q

prostatis

A

infalmmed prostate

59
Q

benign prostatic hyerplasia

A

overgrowth or prostate tissue blocking

60
Q

prostate cancer

A

second most common cancer among men

61
Q

factors in identifying sex

A 
Biological processes  
Begin shortly after conception & completed before birth
Social learning 
Cultural influences
International Model
62
Q

sex of internal repro structures

A

By about 8 weeks after conception
hormones → undifferentiated → differentiated
Müllerian duct
females – fallopian tubes, uterus, inner 1/3 vagina
Wolffian duct
males – vas deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory duct

63
Q

for how many weeks is the external genital tissue the same

A

6

64
Q

true vs pseudo herma.

A

True hermaphrodites
Have both ovarian & testicular tissues
External genitals often a mixture of female and male structures
Pseudo-hermaphrodites
ambiguous internal & external reproductive anatomy
gonads match chromosomal sex
caused by atypical combination of sex chromosome or results from prenatal hormonal irregularities
approximately 1 in every 2,000 births

65
Q

Sex chromosome disorders

A

Turner’s Syndrome

Klinefelter’s syndrome

66
Q

turners

A

Only one sex chromosome (0X)
Develops normal external female genitals
Internal reproductive structures do not develop fully
Ovaries absent or represented by fibrous streaks of tissue
Gender identity is generally female
Usually sterile

67
Q

kleinfelters

A

Atypical ovum containing 22 autosomes & 2 sex chromosomes fertilized by Y-bearing sperm
Results in XXY
Typically sterile with undersized penis & testes
Gender identity is usually male
Sterile (95-99%)
most common. 1 in 500

68
Q

prenatal hormone irregularities

A

Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS)
Fetally Androgenized Females (FAF)
DHT-deficient males

69
Q

AIS

A

Genetically male - X Y chromosomal pairing
Male infants not responsive to androgens → normal female external genitalia & feminized external organs
Gender identity is female
Sterile

70
Q

FAF

A 
Chromosomally normal females (XX)
Prenatally masculinized by exposure to excessive androgens
Masculinized external organs
Gender identity is female
Fertile
71
Q

DHT def

A

Also called 5-alpha reductase
Chromosomally normal males (XY)
Cannot convert testosterone into dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
Feminized genitals at birth but becomes masculine at puberty
Usually gender identity is female prior to puberty; majority assume male identity after puberty
Generally sterile

72
Q

transsexual vs transgendered

A

Transsexualism
Ones gender identity is opposite to ones biological sex
Transgendered
Appearance and/or behavior does not conform to traditional gender roles
Variations of transgendered behaviors

Human Sex (2 decks)

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