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SHS 465 - Speech and Language Acquisition > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

3 characteristics of language?

A

productive, symbolic, not stimulus-bound

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2
Q

What is productivity in language?

A

The ability to be segmented and recombined to create different meanings.
EX: Watermelon, Snowman

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3
Q

How is language symbolic?

A

-Words are symbols that stand for something else.
-language is generalized and applies outside the situations where it was learned.

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4
Q

Define stimulus-bound.
Is it, or is it not, a component of language?

A

-behavior that occurs in response to specific stimuli.
-language is Not stimulus bound .

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5
Q

Identify 5 subsets of language

A

-Phonology
-Semantics
-Morphology
-Syntax
-Pragmatics

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6
Q

Phonology

A

The sound patterns of language
- A set of rules specific to a particular language that governs the occurrence and distribution of phonemes.
- Determines which phonemes are in the inventory of language

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7
Q

Phonological Rules

A

Determine changes that occur between phonemic input and phonetic realization

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8
Q

What are semantics

A

-The meaning of words or phrases/sentences.
-association of meaning; relation of a word to its referent (kids may call all things round balls)

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9
Q

What is morphology

A

The rules of a language that governs word structure

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10
Q

What is Phonological Development?

A

Acquiring the sound system of language

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11
Q

What is Semantic Development?

A
  1. Acquiring vocabulary (lexicon)
  2. Develop adult-like representations of words
  3. Organize. mental lexicon in an efficient semantic network
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12
Q

What are the two types of morphemes?

A

Free - can stand alone
Bound - attach to free morphemes

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13
Q

What are the types of bound morphemes?

A
  1. Grammatical/Inflectional Morphemes - inflect words for grammatical purposes (-ed, -s, -ly)
  2. Derivational Morphemes - modify roof words to change meaning (un- , re- , -er)
  3. Compound Morphemes - two free morphemes combine to form a new word ( pick-pocket)
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14
Q

What is Syntax?

A

Combining words to form sentences
-word order
-rules for grammatical arrangement of words

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15
Q

What is Pragmatics?

A

(appropriate) use of language in a social context
-using language for function

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16
Q

What is the critical period?

A

The sensitive period during the first few years of life when language develops rapidly
-if language is delayed until after (~5 years) language acquisition is slower/less successful

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17
Q

What is the critical period for 2nd language learning?

A

Between puberty and ~17/18

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18
Q

Historically, what are the different ways language acquisition has been researched?

A

Diary studies, large sample studies, longitudinal and experimental studies

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19
Q

What is the Nativist Theory of language acquisition?

A

Knowledge is innate and genetically transmitted

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20
Q

What is the Nurture-inspired theory?

A

Infant arrives in the world as a “blank slate”

Language is learned by experience

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21
Q

What is the Behaviorist Theory?

A

Nurture Inspired
Skinner

-Language is like any other human behavior
-Children learn through operant conditioning and shaping

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22
Q

What is the Linguistic Approach Theory?

A

Nativism
Chomsky

  • Children are born with grammatical rules common to all language
    -Use input to learn parameters of language
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23
Q

What is Bootstrapping? (linguistic approach)

A

Children use their knowledge to make inferences about other aspects of language

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24
Q

What is the Cognitive Theory? (Interactionist)

A

Piaget

-Language is an expression of more general cognitive human activities
-Cognitive prerequisites for language

25
Q

What is Social Interactionist Theory?

A

Vygotsky

-Social interaction motivates language learning

26
Q

What is the Connectionist Theory?

A

An attempt to visually approximate inner workings of the brain
-Relevant to modeling an array of cognitive processes

27
Q

What is Evidence Based Practice? (EPB)

A

Using a combination of;
-Clinical Expertise
-Best Research Evidence
-Patient Values & Preferences

Links theory, science, and practice.

28
Q

Why is language input important in terms of development?

A

Language is learned through social interaction

29
Q

Why was Patricia Kuhl’s study important in terms of language development?

A

Study supported the theory that language development requires social interaction.
-Mandarin on TV vs. Mandarin in person

30
Q

What are the Paralinguistic characteristics of Infant-Directed Speech?

A

Paralinguistic
-High pitch
-Exaggerated pitch contours
-Slow tempo

31
Q

What are the Syntactic characteristics of Infant-Directed Speech?

A

Syntactic Features
-Shorter MLU
-Fewer clauses
-More content words (fewer function)

32
Q

What are the Discourse characteristics of Infant-Directed Speech?

A

Discourse Features
-More repetitions
-More questions

33
Q

What is MLU?

A

Mean Length Utterance

34
Q

What are the characteristics of Expressive caretaker conversational style?

A

Prescriptive, fewer utterances, focus on personal-social language

35
Q

What are the characteristics of Referential caretaker conversational style?

A

More descriptive, more utterances, greater focus on labeling

-These mothers talk more and use more descriptive language

36
Q

Why does adult speech need to be at an intermediate level of complexity when speaking to infants/children?

A

Too simple - children won’t acquire all aspects of grammar

Too complex - child may not be able to extract grammar

37
Q

What is joint reference / joint attention?

A

-Attendance to social partners
-Use of language to communicate intentionally with others

38
Q

Three Stages of Early Communicative Development

A
  1. Perlocutionary - Partner perceived
    –crying
  2. Illocutionary - intentional (nonverbal)
    –pointing
  3. Locutionary - Symbolic
    –imitating adults
39
Q

How do we know what an infant can perceive?

A

Observe Behaviors
-Habituation Paradigm (sucking rate)
-Heart Rate
-Head Turn

40
Q

Infants suck faster when…

A

They notice something new in the environment
-Habituation= sucking rate decreases after new stimuli introduced
-Dishabituation= sucking rate increases after new stimulus presented

41
Q

What is Categorical Perception?

A
  1. Grouping sounds into categories despite acoustic variability
  2. Differences mentally represented as “not different” or as “different”
42
Q

When does an infants ability to discriminate non-native sounds begin to decline?

A

8 months
-Is lost at ~10 months

43
Q

What is Phonological Deafness?

A

The inability to discriminate phonemes in non-native languages

44
Q

How does phonological deafness relate to categorical perception?

A

Children 10 months or older will filter out phonemes that are not part of the phonetic inventory of their native language

45
Q

Why are infants perceptual abilities crucial to language acquisition?

A

-Assists in segmenting the stream of speech
-Necessary for subsequent word acquisition
-Ability is lost around 10 months (phonological deafness)

46
Q

The infant’s vocal tract is… (in relation to an adults)

A

-Shorter
-Wider in relation to length
-Flatter (no teeth)
-Shorter pharyngeal tract

47
Q

What aspect of an infants physiology allows breathing and nursing at the same time?

A

Orientation of the velum

48
Q

When does the transition to oral breathing occur? Why is it important?

A

-Occurs around 6 months
-Necessary for the production of oral sounds

49
Q

Oller’s 1st Stage

A

0;0 - 0;2
Reflexive

50
Q

Oller’s 2nd Stage

A

0;02 - 0;4
Cooing / Gooing / Control of Phonation

51
Q

Oller’s 3rd Stage

A

0;4 - 0;6
Expansion / Vocal Play

52
Q

Oller’s 4th Stage

A

0;6 - 0;10
Canonical babbling

53
Q

Oller’s 5th Stage

A

0;10 - ~0;15
Jargon / Variegated Babbling
(Advanced forms)

54
Q

Characteristics of Reflexive Vocalizations (0-2)

A

crying, fussing
Vegatative - coughing, burping,
Mostly vowel-like
Some consonants (glottal/velar)

55
Q

Characteristics of Cooing (2-4)

A

-Greater variety of sounds
-back consonants/vowels
-less crying
-beginning of laughter/chuckling

56
Q

Characteristics of Expansion/Vocal Play (4-6)

A

-Variation of pitch/volume
-Experimenting with vocal apparatus

57
Q

Characteristics of Canonical Babbling (6-10)

A

-Shift from back sounds to front sounds (m,b,d)
-Sequences of CV syllables
-Reduplicated babbling
-Variegated babble (variety)

58
Q

Characteristics of Jargon/Variegated Babbling (10-15)

A

-Stops, nasals,fricatives,glides
-Phonemes are typically those which appear in first words
-Canonical syllables are building blocks for words

59
Q

What is Jargon?

A

-Conversational babble with stress/intonation
-Takes on characteristics of ambient language
-Vocalizations paired with communicative intent (eye contact, gestures)

SHS 465 - Speech and Language Acquisition (2 decks)

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