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Cog pysch exam 1 > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Empiricism

A

belief that we acquire knowledge through though empirical evidence-> aka experience and observation

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2
Q

Rationalism

A

the route to knowledge is through thinking and logical analysis. Don’t need experiments to develop new knowledge, important for theory development

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3
Q

Gestalt psychology

A

we best understand psychological phenomena when we view them as organized,structured wholes. Studied insight, seeking to understand the unobservable mental event by which someone goes from having no idea about how to solve a problem to understanding it fully in what seems a mere moment of time

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4
Q

ecological validity

A

methods, material and setting of the study must approximate the real-world that is being examined

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5
Q

computer simulations

A

attempt to make computers simulate human cognition performance on various tasks

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6
Q

Forebrain

A

located toward top and front. comprises the cerebral cortex, the basal ganglia, the limbic system, thalamus, and hypothalamus.

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7
Q

midbrain

A

helps to control eye movement and coordination

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8
Q

hindbrain

A

medulla oblongata ->bodily functions, pons -> relay station. cerebellum-> balance

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9
Q

cerebral cortex

A

outerlayer of the cerebral hemisphere, plays vital role in our thinking, sensing, voluntary movement

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10
Q

limbic system

A

emotion, motivation, memory and learning

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11
Q

hippocampus

A

influence learning and memory-. memory formation and spatial memory
thalamus: relays sensory info to cerebral cortex

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12
Q

Sulcus/sulci

A

small grooves in the brain

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13
Q

gyrus/gyri:

A

bulges between adjacent sulci or fissures. these folds greatly increase the surface area of the cortex

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14
Q

cerebral hemispheres

A

two halves of the brain, each are responsible for diff things. left= language, movement, examining past experinces to find patterns. Right=semantic knowledge , practical langauge use, self-recognition

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15
Q

contralateral

A

transmission from one side of the brain to another

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16
Q

ipsilateral

A

transmission on the same side of the brain

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17
Q

corpus callosum

A

neural fibers that connect the two hemisphere

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18
Q

tendency toward contralateral specialization & hemispheric specialization (especially for language

A

some functions are highly lateralized but most depend on integration of both hemispheres

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19
Q

split-brain patients

A

patients who had severed corpus callosum, right hemisphere is organized into relatively independent functioning units that work in parallel. info can’t cross from one hemi to the other

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20
Q

Frontal lobe

A

motor processing, higher thought processes-> abstract reasoning, prob solving, planning and judgment. producing speech

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21
Q

parietal lobe:

A

somatosensory processing, receive inputs regarding touch, pain, temperature, limb position. consciousness and paying attention

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22
Q

occipital lobe:

A

visual processing. each area specialized for one thing

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23
Q

temporal lobe

A

auditory processing and comprehending language. retention of visual memories

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24
Q

Motor cortex

A

specializes in planning, control, and execution of movement-> particularly movement involving any kind of delayed response

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25
Q

motor homunculus

A

dunno yet

26
Q

somatosensory cortex:

A

receives info from the senses about pressure, texture, temp, pain

27
Q

association areas:

A

dunno yet

28
Q

Post-mortem studies

A

ideal: ppl study and document behavior of ppl while they are alive, when they die researchers look at lesions in the brain. Infer that lesioned locations may be related to the behavior that was affected

29
Q

animal studies

A

used to understand the physiological processes and functions of the living brain. To study changing activity-> use invivo research(research carried out in the body)

30
Q

EEG/ERP

A

recordings of electrical frequencies and intensities of the brain, typically recorded over long periods. study activity of indicative of changing mental states. ERP- the record of a small change in the brain’s electrical activity in response to a stimulating event. Reveals only general info about location of activity. Provides a more complex understanding of the relationship between brain and cog development. Pro- relatively noninvasive Con- imprecise

31
Q

MRI

A

reveals high-resolution images of the structure of the brain bu computing and analyzing magnetic changes in energy of the orbits of nuclear particles in the molecules of the body. P-clear pic of brain

32
Q

fMRI

A

creates magnetic field that induces changes in the particles of oxygen atoms. More active areas draw more oxygenated blood than do less active areas in the brain. The differences in the amounts of oxygen consumed form the basis for fMRI. measurements. P-shows images of the brain in action, more precise than PET. C- requires individual to be placed in uncomfortable scanner for some time

33
Q

PET

A

participants ingest a mildly radioactive form of oxygen that emits positrons at it is metabolized. Changes in concentration of positrons in targeted areas of the brain are then measured. p- shows images of the brain in action. c-less useful for fast procedures

34
Q

Viewer-Centered:representation

A

individual stores the way the object looks to them, what matters is the appearance of an object to the viewer.shape of object changes depending on the angle from which we look at it. have to rotate object in our mind until it fits one of the stored images

35
Q

object centered representation

A

individual stores a representation of the object independent of its appearance to the viewer.shape of the object will stay stable across diff orientation

36
Q

simultagnosia

A

damage to temporal region of the cortex. person is unable to pay attention to more than one object at a time

37
Q

Agnosia

A

damage to the border of temporal and occipital lobes or restriction of oxygen to these areas.have normal sensations of objects -> can perceive colors and shapes but can’t recognize what the objects are. trouble with what pathway

38
Q

prosopagnosia

A

inability to recognize faces-> implies damage of some kind of the configurational system. lesions in right fusiform gyrus

39
Q

Configuration system

A

specializes in recognizing larger configurations, not well equipped to analyse parts of objects or the construction of the objects. recognize faces using this system. harder to recognize parts of faces than the face as a whole

40
Q

Part-based recognition (feature analysis system)

A

recognize parts of objects and in assembling those parts into distinctive wholes. reader may learn the appearances of words element by element and then come to recognize the words as wholes

41
Q

Gestalt approach to form perception

A

helps us understand how we perceive groups of objects or even parts of objects to form integral wholes. whole differs from the sum of its individual parts

42
Q

Propositional theory

A

suggests we do not store mental mental reps in the form of images of words, experience mental reps as images of epiphenomena. mental reps closely resemble abstract form of a proposition-> meaning underlying a particular relationship among concepts

43
Q

Dual-code hypothesis

A

use both pictorial and verbal codes for representing info in our minds, these two codes organize info into knowledge we can act on, store and later retrieve

44
Q

Imagery

A

mental rep of things that are not currently seen or sensed by the sense organs

45
Q

Symbolic codes

A

form of knowledge representation that has been chosen arbitrarily to stand for something that does not perceptually resemble what being presented. Our minds use arbitrary symbols (words and combo of words) to represent many ideas

46
Q

Analog Codes

A

resemble the objects they represent. mental images we form in our mind are analogous to the physical stim we observe

47
Q

Procedural knowledge:

A

knowledge of procedures that can be implemented. ex) steps involved in tying shoes, driving car

48
Q

declarative knowledge

A

facts that can be stated. ex) date of birth, name of friend

49
Q

representation

A

form for what you know in your mind about things, ideas, events, etc in the outside world

50
Q

Dual Tasks

A

can be automated to function as a unit. ex) more accidents when talking on a phone than listening to a radio while driving. Phone= more emotions and anger expressed

51
Q

Change Blindness

A

inability to detect changes in objects or scene viewed

52
Q

Neglect

A

attentional dysfunction in which participants ignore half of their visual field that is contralateral to the hemi of the brain that has a lesion

53
Q

Habituation

A

becoming accustomed to a stim so that we gradually pay less and less attention to it, occurs automatically

54
Q

Dishabituation

A

a change in a familiar stim prompts us to start noticing it again, occurs automatically

55
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

lessing of attention to a stim that is not subject to conscious control. Occurs directly in sense organ, not brain

56
Q

Automatic Processing:

A

involves no conscious control, takes little effort, ex) writing name

57
Q

Controlled Processing

A

accessible to conscious control-> requires it. occurs sequentailly_> one step at a time. takes a relatively long time to execute

58
Q

Automatization

A

tasks that start off as controlled processes become automatic. ex) driving a car

59
Q

Negatively accelerated Curve

A

effects of practice on automatization show this curve, early practice effects are great and later practice effects make less difference in the degree of automatization

60
Q

Preconscious Processing

A

stored info includes stored memories that we are not using at a given time but can summon when needed, Some info outside our conscious awareness but may still be available to consciousness or at least cog processing

61
Q

Priming

A

subjects presented a 1st stim (the prime), then given a break and asked to a make judgement of whether the 2nd stim is the same as the first. Presentation of the 1st stim may affect the perception of the 2nd.

62
Q

Blindsight

A

traces of visual perception in blind areas of ppl who have lesions in the brain

Cog pysch exam 1 (2 decks)

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