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Health Psychology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

According to the World Health Organization, health is a state of complete… ____, ____, and ____

A

Physical, mental, and social well being

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2
Q

Socio-Economic Status (SES) : where is the individual in the economic ladder?

A

Income and educational level

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3
Q

SES is one of the ______ variables

A

Default

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4
Q

Major cause for illness and it is associated with higher occurrence of chronic and infectious diseases, mortality, and morbidity

A

Poverty

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5
Q

Biological characteristics and experiences that can affect health differ for women and men

A

Sex

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6
Q

An intersection of many dimensions , beliefs, customs, and traditions, languages mostly associated with the grouping by sex, age, ethnicity, nationality and or race

A

Culture

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7
Q

It is extremely important for health psychologists, healthcare workers and the healthcare administration to obtain cultural competency to provide quality care for ALL PATIENTS

A

Cultural competency

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8
Q

Three main subcultures affected by health inequities :

A

LGBTQ community, Hispanic/latinx community, black/African American

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9
Q

Genderbread person (gender identity, gender expression, biological sex, sexual orientation)

A

Cultural competency

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10
Q

A persons sense of being a woman, a man, both, neither or anywhere along the gender spectrum
Ex: transgender person

A

Gender IDENTITY (genderbread)

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11
Q

A persons public presentation of their gender. This can include behavior and appearance such as dress, hair, make up, body language and voice .
-a persons pronoun

A

Gender expression

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12
Q

The anatomical classification of people as a male , female or intersex, usually assigned at birth
Ex: penis, vagina, intersex

A

Biological sex

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13
Q

Feelings of emotional, romantic, an or sexual attractions to men,women, or other genders
Ex: gay, lesbian, bisexual

A

Sexual orientation

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14
Q

Diversity is ______

A

Relity

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15
Q

Most cultures have recognized some type of connection between our _____, ______, _________, and ______-

A

Thoughts, feelings, behaviors , and health

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16
Q

Biomedical approach to illness, widely accepted in the US, physical/biological health

A

Western medicine

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17
Q

Holistic and alternative approach to illness , based on belief systems, physical, mental, emotional health

A

Non western medicine

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18
Q

Biological, psychological, and social factors constitute health.

A

Biopsychosocial factor

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19
Q

The aggregate of the specific educational, scientific, and professional contributions of the discipline of psychology to the promotion and maintenance of health , the prevention and treatment of illness, the identification of etiologies and diagnostic correlates health, illness, and related dysfunction, and to analysis and improvement of the health care system and policy formation

A

Health psychology

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20
Q

Field of psychology dedicated to promoting and maintaining health and preventing and treating illness

A

Interdisciplinary field

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21
Q

6 fields that health psychology studies

A

Stress, getting and staying healthy, changing habits, illness, culture, and implications

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22
Q

Individuals have four main personalities that were a function of the level of certain bodily fluids or humors that represented four psychological temperaments

A

Hippocrates humoral theory

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23
Q

Hippocrates humoral theory studies four biological temperaments

A

Blood
Black bile
Yellow bile
Phlegm

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24
Q

Blood=

A

Cheerful or sanguine

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25
Q

Black bile

A

Sad or melancholic

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26
Q

Yellow bile

A

Aggressive or choleric

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27
Q

Phlegm

A

Apathetic or phlegmatic

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28
Q

Hippocrates Humoral theory treatments :

A

Bloodletting, purging, exercise

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29
Q

Certain diseases are caused by the invasion of the body by microorganisms

A

Modern germ theory

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30
Q

Has been used to treat more people than any other form of medicine approach.
- holistic approach

A

Traditional Chinese medicine

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31
Q

Incorporates the idea that our bodies are a whole and every part is connected (interconnection is very important )

A

Holistic approach

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32
Q

Considers duality in everything
-physical health
- diet and nutrition
- interpersonal relationships
- mental and emotional health

A

Traditional chines medicine( our bodies and our organs living in harmony with the universe through the balance of yin and yang

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33
Q

Instead of trying to understand the cause of disease, TCM focuses on the associations of all systems in the body as possible imbalance causing

A

Illness

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34
Q

Common TCM treatments:

A

Massages, acupuncture, cupping theory, medical herbs, dietary changes, ,meditation/breathing exercises, and physical activity

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35
Q

Originated in India , TIM (traditional Indian medicine) has become very common in the United States through the practice of _____

A

Yoga

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36
Q

TIM uses biopsychosocial approach and focuses on mental health by highlighting the need of ________ between body, mind, and soul

A

Harmony

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37
Q

Causes for Illness in Traditional indian method

A
  • diet
  • disrespect towards gods
  • disrespect towards elders and divine teachers
  • mental shock due to emotions
  • faulty bodily activity
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38
Q

Derives from the indigenous civilizations living in the Americans before colonization

A

Traditional Mexican Healing/ Curanderismo

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39
Q

One of the main concepts of TMH is

A

Man de ojo or evil eye

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40
Q

Evil eye=

A

Illness and sickness will come from someone either admiring you too much (jinx it) or envying u too much (Haters)

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41
Q

TMH recognizes 2 sources of illness

A

Natural and supernatural

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42
Q

TMH says optimal health is achieved when:

A

Supernatural and natural are in harmony

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43
Q

Cuadernos or ______ are the main folklore doctors in TMH, they believe illness is not only caused by the ______, but also by the role of the spiritual world and its influence on human health

A

Healers and germ theory

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44
Q

TMH material- physical level

A

Limpias (Spiritual cleansing )
Herbal therapy ritualistic curing
Combination of western traditions with TMH treatments

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45
Q

TMH spiritual - emotional level

A

Medium practices and trance
Casting evil spirits out of the body or breaking a spell

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46
Q

Caribbean Santería health benefits

A

Link between spirituality and the body assessing and stabilizing a persons well being

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47
Q

Caribbean Santería - source of illness can be associated with

A

Trabajo/ brujería - spell/witchcraft

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48
Q

Santería , main source of healing comes from

A

Orishas

49
Q

The event or threat that causes stress

A

The stressor

50
Q

Physiological and physiological response to events that are threatening

A

Stress

51
Q

A _____ prepares us to endure an attack or threat to our survival

A

Stress response

52
Q

Common modern stressors=

A

Internal and external or environmental

53
Q

Nervous system has two parts=

A

Central and peripheral

54
Q

In the peripheral nervous system we have the

A

Somatic and autonomic

55
Q

Controls voluntary muscles

A

Somatic

56
Q

Controls involuntary muscle movements

A

Autonomic

57
Q

From the autonomic nervous system =

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic

58
Q

Sympathetic

A

Enerygy

59
Q

Parasympathetic

A

Calms body to conserve energy

60
Q

Command center of the body . Similar to an alarm system (composed of brain and spinal cord )

A

CNS

61
Q

Transmits information to the entire body

A

Peripheral nervous system

62
Q

Stressors cause

A

Imbalance

63
Q

Stress response re establishes the

A

Homeostatic response

64
Q

Way we measure stress- based on persons feelings or perceptions

A

Self report measure of stress

65
Q

Widely used for measuring individual stress and accurately predicts coronary heart disease in highly stressed individual

A

The perceived stress scale

66
Q

Walter cannon studied the impact of stressors on the

A

Sympathetic nervous system - activation of the SNS increases blood circulation , respiration, and metabolism and decreases hunger and sexual desire through shutting down the digestive and reproductive system

67
Q

Cannon also talked about the _____ response

A

Fight or flight response (enhances long term survival despite short term costs )

68
Q

Both physical and psychological emergencies release

A

Adrenaline

69
Q

Hans Seyle

A

Proposed that regardless of stressors the body would react in the same way biologically through hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis
- all organisms have a general adaption syndrome
- first phase - alarm reaction
- phase 2= stage resistance
-phase 3= shage of exhaustion

70
Q

Hypothalamus (cortisone releasing)- anterior pituitary - adrenal cortex (cortisol)

A
71
Q

Richard Lazarus

A

First model including psychological aspects of stress

72
Q

Stress is he perception of a threat and the perception that one’s resources are inadequate

A

Lazarus

73
Q

Main concept of Lazarus view

A

appraisals , cognitive interpretation of the event
Primary appraisal= whether the event or situation is positive or negative or neutral
Secondary appraisal= determine whether we can manage the event and how we can cope

74
Q

Shelley Taylor’s theory

A

Proposed that women tend and be fired in addition to fighting or fleeing . Was the first model to incorporate social support

75
Q

In the tend in befriend theory women protect and calm the child to remove harms way through

A

Tending

76
Q

Female hormone role

A

Oxytocin

77
Q

Some people are more vulnerable to stress related diseases due to either genetic weakness or biochemical imbalance that predisposes them to disease

A

Diatheisis Stress model

78
Q

The ability of the body to achieve physiological air psychological stability through change

A

Allostasis

79
Q

Adaptive response

A

Allostasis

80
Q

Overload

A

Allostatic load

81
Q

PTSD IS AN AEXAMPLE OF

A

allostatic load

82
Q

Access to resources can make a difference during stressful experiences

A

Socio economic status

83
Q

Strongly associated with the development of poor health outcomes

A

Stigma and discrimination

84
Q

Top 3 stressors in the USA

A

Finances
Employment
Country’s economy

85
Q

For most Americans work is considered the main source of

A

Stress

86
Q

Main sociocultural models of stress

A

Self - others - culture and environment

87
Q

Minority stress model

A

-focuses on the experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer community

88
Q

Associated with a hostile and LGBTQ-phobic culture often results in a lifetime of harassment, maltreatment , discrimination and victimization

A

Unique stressors

89
Q

The process of social, psychological, no cultural change in which an individual adopts, acquires and adjusts to a new cultural environment

A

Acculturation model

90
Q

The stress associated with the experience of integrating oneself into a new dominant culture

A

Bicultural or acculturative stress

91
Q

Indirect, subtle, or unintentional discrimination against members of a marginalized group

A

Micro aggressions

92
Q

How we manage or deal with stressors

A

Coping

93
Q

The ability we develop to recover from adverse events, traumas, and life difficulties and achieve well being

A

Resilience

94
Q

Problem focused coping
-directly facing the stressful situation and working to resolve it
-effective in the long term

A

Approach coping

95
Q

Emotion coping
-short term
-using mental or behavioral methods to deal with stressors

A

Avoidant

96
Q

We all have different strategies to cope and deal with stressors

A

Situational coping

97
Q

Our interpersonal relationships with others are crucial to a better way to manage stress

A

Relatedness (relationship coping)

98
Q

Big 5 or five factor model (OCEAN)

A

Openness
Conscientious
Extra version
Agreeableness
Neuroticism

99
Q

Type A personality

A

Competitive
Time urgent
Hostile and aggressive

100
Q

Type b personality

A

Relaxed
Patient
Easy going

101
Q

You are in control of your own life

A

Mastery

102
Q

Strong commitment to life and enjoying challenges

A

Hardiness

103
Q

Individualistic

A

Western cultures

104
Q

Collectivistic

A

Asian/East Asian cultures

105
Q

Stress is mediated and moderated by how much support we receive from others

A

Social support

106
Q

Various types of social support

A

Function- received and perceived support

107
Q

Social convoy model…

A

You- Romantic partner, mother , siblin, father, best friend- coworker, colleague, friend

108
Q

Goal of this approach is to reduce cognitive load or number of thoughts a person is experiencing to activate parasympathetic system

A

Relaxation based approached

109
Q

Approach which creates cognitive restructuring of thoughts

A

Cognitive behavioral approach

110
Q

Disclosure of feelings by writing

A

Emotional expression

111
Q

Any specific behavior or habit that maintain and enhance health

A

Healthy behaviors

112
Q

Social factors that can influence your health outcomes positively and negatively

A

Social determinants of health

113
Q

3 main factors that determine health behaviors :

A

Biological , psychological, societal

114
Q

3 main types of health behaviors

A

Primary , secondary, tertiary prevention

115
Q

Primary prevention

A

Preventative healthy behaviors

116
Q

Secondary prevention

A

Illness related behaviors

117
Q

Tertiary prevention

A

Sick role behaviors

118
Q

Any activity undertaken by an individual who believes himself to be healthy for the purpose of preventing or detecting illness or accident . General health protective health behaviors

A

Preventative health behavior

119
Q

Health Belief Model by Hochbaum and colleagues

A

Theorizes that the following influences readiness to take action (changes health behavior)
-people’s beliefs about whether they are at risk for a disease or health problem

Health Psychology (6 decks)

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