Exam 1 Flashcards by Abbey Marx

According to the World Health Organization, health is a state of complete… ____, ____, and ____

Physical, mental, and social well being

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Socio-Economic Status (SES) : where is the individual in the economic ladder?

Income and educational level

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SES is one of the ______ variables

Default

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Major cause for illness and it is associated with higher occurrence of chronic and infectious diseases, mortality, and morbidity

Poverty

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Biological characteristics and experiences that can affect health differ for women and men

Sex

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An intersection of many dimensions , beliefs, customs, and traditions, languages mostly associated with the grouping by sex, age, ethnicity, nationality and or race

Culture

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It is extremely important for health psychologists, healthcare workers and the healthcare administration to obtain cultural competency to provide quality care for ALL PATIENTS

Cultural competency

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Three main subcultures affected by health inequities :

LGBTQ community, Hispanic/latinx community, black/African American

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Genderbread person (gender identity, gender expression, biological sex, sexual orientation)

Cultural competency

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A persons sense of being a woman, a man, both, neither or anywhere along the gender spectrum
Ex: transgender person

Gender IDENTITY (genderbread)

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A persons public presentation of their gender. This can include behavior and appearance such as dress, hair, make up, body language and voice .
-a persons pronoun

Gender expression

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The anatomical classification of people as a male , female or intersex, usually assigned at birth
Ex: penis, vagina, intersex

Biological sex

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Feelings of emotional, romantic, an or sexual attractions to men,women, or other genders
Ex: gay, lesbian, bisexual

Sexual orientation

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Diversity is ______

Relity

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Most cultures have recognized some type of connection between our _____, ______, _________, and ______-

Thoughts, feelings, behaviors , and health

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Biomedical approach to illness, widely accepted in the US, physical/biological health

Western medicine

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Holistic and alternative approach to illness , based on belief systems, physical, mental, emotional health

Non western medicine

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Biological, psychological, and social factors constitute health.

Biopsychosocial factor

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The aggregate of the specific educational, scientific, and professional contributions of the discipline of psychology to the promotion and maintenance of health , the prevention and treatment of illness, the identification of etiologies and diagnostic correlates health, illness, and related dysfunction, and to analysis and improvement of the health care system and policy formation

Health psychology

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Field of psychology dedicated to promoting and maintaining health and preventing and treating illness

Interdisciplinary field

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6 fields that health psychology studies

Stress, getting and staying healthy, changing habits, illness, culture, and implications

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Individuals have four main personalities that were a function of the level of certain bodily fluids or humors that represented four psychological temperaments

Hippocrates humoral theory

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Hippocrates humoral theory studies four biological temperaments

Blood
Black bile
Yellow bile
Phlegm

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Blood=

Cheerful or sanguine

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Black bile

Sad or melancholic

Yellow bile

Aggressive or choleric

Phlegm

Apathetic or phlegmatic

Hippocrates Humoral theory treatments :

Bloodletting, purging, exercise

Certain diseases are caused by the invasion of the body by microorganisms

Modern germ theory

Has been used to treat more people than any other form of medicine approach. - holistic approach

Traditional Chinese medicine

Incorporates the idea that our bodies are a whole and every part is connected (interconnection is very important )

Holistic approach

Considers duality in everything -physical health - diet and nutrition - interpersonal relationships - mental and emotional health

Traditional chines medicine( our bodies and our organs living in harmony with the universe through the balance of yin and yang

Instead of trying to understand the cause of disease, TCM focuses on the associations of all systems in the body as possible imbalance causing

Illness

Common TCM treatments:

Massages, acupuncture, cupping theory, medical herbs, dietary changes, ,meditation/breathing exercises, and physical activity

Originated in India , TIM (traditional Indian medicine) has become very common in the United States through the practice of _____

Yoga

TIM uses biopsychosocial approach and focuses on mental health by highlighting the need of ________ between body, mind, and soul

Harmony

Causes for Illness in Traditional indian method

- diet - disrespect towards gods - disrespect towards elders and divine teachers - mental shock due to emotions - faulty bodily activity

Derives from the indigenous civilizations living in the Americans before colonization

Traditional Mexican Healing/ Curanderismo

One of the main concepts of TMH is

Man de ojo or evil eye

Evil eye=

Illness and sickness will come from someone either admiring you too much (jinx it) or envying u too much (Haters)

TMH recognizes 2 sources of illness

Natural and supernatural

TMH says optimal health is achieved when:

Supernatural and natural are in harmony

Cuadernos or ______ are the main folklore doctors in TMH, they believe illness is not only caused by the ______, but also by the role of the spiritual world and its influence on human health

Healers and germ theory

TMH material- physical level

Limpias (Spiritual cleansing ) Herbal therapy ritualistic curing Combination of western traditions with TMH treatments

TMH spiritual - emotional level

Medium practices and trance Casting evil spirits out of the body or breaking a spell

Caribbean Santería health benefits

Link between spirituality and the body assessing and stabilizing a persons well being

Caribbean Santería - source of illness can be associated with

Trabajo/ brujería - spell/witchcraft

Santería , main source of healing comes from

Orishas

The event or threat that causes stress

The stressor

Physiological and physiological response to events that are threatening

Stress

A _____ prepares us to endure an attack or threat to our survival

Stress response

Common modern stressors=

Internal and external or environmental

Nervous system has two parts=

Central and peripheral

In the peripheral nervous system we have the

Somatic and autonomic

Controls voluntary muscles

Somatic

Controls involuntary muscle movements

Autonomic

From the autonomic nervous system =

Parasympathetic and sympathetic

Sympathetic

Enerygy

Parasympathetic

Calms body to conserve energy

Command center of the body . Similar to an alarm system (composed of brain and spinal cord )

CNS

Transmits information to the entire body

Peripheral nervous system

Stressors cause

Imbalance

Stress response re establishes the

Homeostatic response

Way we measure stress- based on persons feelings or perceptions

Self report measure of stress

Widely used for measuring individual stress and accurately predicts coronary heart disease in highly stressed individual

The perceived stress scale

Walter cannon studied the impact of stressors on the

Sympathetic nervous system - activation of the SNS increases blood circulation , respiration, and metabolism and decreases hunger and sexual desire through shutting down the digestive and reproductive system

Cannon also talked about the _____ response

Fight or flight response (enhances long term survival despite short term costs )

Both physical and psychological emergencies release

Adrenaline

Hans Seyle

Proposed that regardless of stressors the body would react in the same way biologically through hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis - all organisms have a general adaption syndrome - first phase - alarm reaction - phase 2= stage resistance -phase 3= shage of exhaustion

Hypothalamus (cortisone releasing)- anterior pituitary - adrenal cortex (cortisol)

Richard Lazarus

First model including psychological aspects of stress

Stress is he perception of a threat and the perception that one’s resources are inadequate

Lazarus

Main concept of Lazarus view

appraisals , cognitive interpretation of the event Primary appraisal= whether the event or situation is positive or negative or neutral Secondary appraisal= determine whether we can manage the event and how we can cope

Shelley Taylor’s theory

Proposed that women tend and be fired in addition to fighting or fleeing . Was the first model to incorporate social support

In the tend in befriend theory women protect and calm the child to remove harms way through

Tending

Female hormone role

Oxytocin

Some people are more vulnerable to stress related diseases due to either genetic weakness or biochemical imbalance that predisposes them to disease

Diatheisis Stress model

The ability of the body to achieve physiological air psychological stability through change

Allostasis

Adaptive response

Allostasis

Overload

Allostatic load

PTSD IS AN AEXAMPLE OF

allostatic load

Access to resources can make a difference during stressful experiences

Socio economic status

Strongly associated with the development of poor health outcomes

Stigma and discrimination

Top 3 stressors in the USA

Finances Employment Country’s economy

For most Americans work is considered the main source of

Stress

Main sociocultural models of stress

Self - others - culture and environment

Minority stress model

-focuses on the experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer community

Associated with a hostile and LGBTQ-phobic culture often results in a lifetime of harassment, maltreatment , discrimination and victimization

Unique stressors

The process of social, psychological, no cultural change in which an individual adopts, acquires and adjusts to a new cultural environment

Acculturation model

The stress associated with the experience of integrating oneself into a new dominant culture

Bicultural or acculturative stress

Indirect, subtle, or unintentional discrimination against members of a marginalized group

Micro aggressions

How we manage or deal with stressors

Coping

The ability we develop to recover from adverse events, traumas, and life difficulties and achieve well being

Resilience

Problem focused coping -directly facing the stressful situation and working to resolve it -effective in the long term

Approach coping

Emotion coping -short term -using mental or behavioral methods to deal with stressors

Avoidant

We all have different strategies to cope and deal with stressors

Situational coping

Our interpersonal relationships with others are crucial to a better way to manage stress

Relatedness (relationship coping)

Big 5 or five factor model (OCEAN)

Openness Conscientious Extra version Agreeableness Neuroticism

Type A personality

Competitive Time urgent Hostile and aggressive

Type b personality

Relaxed Patient Easy going

You are in control of your own life

Mastery

Strong commitment to life and enjoying challenges

Hardiness

Individualistic

Western cultures

Collectivistic

Asian/East Asian cultures

Stress is mediated and moderated by how much support we receive from others

Social support

Various types of social support

Function- received and perceived support

Social convoy model…

You- Romantic partner, mother , siblin, father, best friend- coworker, colleague, friend

Goal of this approach is to reduce cognitive load or number of thoughts a person is experiencing to activate parasympathetic system

Relaxation based approached

Approach which creates cognitive restructuring of thoughts

Cognitive behavioral approach

Disclosure of feelings by writing

Emotional expression

Any specific behavior or habit that maintain and enhance health

Healthy behaviors

Social factors that can influence your health outcomes positively and negatively

Social determinants of health

3 main factors that determine health behaviors :

Biological , psychological, societal

3 main types of health behaviors

Primary , secondary, tertiary prevention

Primary prevention

Preventative healthy behaviors

Secondary prevention

Illness related behaviors

Tertiary prevention

Sick role behaviors

Any activity undertaken by an individual who believes himself to be healthy for the purpose of preventing or detecting illness or accident . General health protective health behaviors

Preventative health behavior

Health Belief Model by Hochbaum and colleagues

Theorizes that the following influences readiness to take action (changes health behavior) -people’s beliefs about whether they are at risk for a disease or health problem