Exam 1 Flashcards
According to the World Health Organization, health is a state of complete… ____, ____, and ____
Physical, mental, and social well being
Socio-Economic Status (SES) : where is the individual in the economic ladder?
Income and educational level
SES is one of the ______ variables
Default
Major cause for illness and it is associated with higher occurrence of chronic and infectious diseases, mortality, and morbidity
Poverty
Biological characteristics and experiences that can affect health differ for women and men
Sex
An intersection of many dimensions , beliefs, customs, and traditions, languages mostly associated with the grouping by sex, age, ethnicity, nationality and or race
Culture
It is extremely important for health psychologists, healthcare workers and the healthcare administration to obtain cultural competency to provide quality care for ALL PATIENTS
Cultural competency
Three main subcultures affected by health inequities :
LGBTQ community, Hispanic/latinx community, black/African American
Genderbread person (gender identity, gender expression, biological sex, sexual orientation)
Cultural competency
A persons sense of being a woman, a man, both, neither or anywhere along the gender spectrum
Ex: transgender person
Gender IDENTITY (genderbread)
A persons public presentation of their gender. This can include behavior and appearance such as dress, hair, make up, body language and voice .
-a persons pronoun
Gender expression
The anatomical classification of people as a male , female or intersex, usually assigned at birth
Ex: penis, vagina, intersex
Biological sex
Feelings of emotional, romantic, an or sexual attractions to men,women, or other genders
Ex: gay, lesbian, bisexual
Sexual orientation
Diversity is ______
Relity
Most cultures have recognized some type of connection between our _____, ______, _________, and ______-
Thoughts, feelings, behaviors , and health
Biomedical approach to illness, widely accepted in the US, physical/biological health
Western medicine
Holistic and alternative approach to illness , based on belief systems, physical, mental, emotional health
Non western medicine
Biological, psychological, and social factors constitute health.
Biopsychosocial factor
The aggregate of the specific educational, scientific, and professional contributions of the discipline of psychology to the promotion and maintenance of health , the prevention and treatment of illness, the identification of etiologies and diagnostic correlates health, illness, and related dysfunction, and to analysis and improvement of the health care system and policy formation
Health psychology
Field of psychology dedicated to promoting and maintaining health and preventing and treating illness
Interdisciplinary field
6 fields that health psychology studies
Stress, getting and staying healthy, changing habits, illness, culture, and implications
Individuals have four main personalities that were a function of the level of certain bodily fluids or humors that represented four psychological temperaments
Hippocrates humoral theory
Hippocrates humoral theory studies four biological temperaments
Blood
Black bile
Yellow bile
Phlegm
Blood=
Cheerful or sanguine
Black bile
Sad or melancholic
Yellow bile
Aggressive or choleric
Phlegm
Apathetic or phlegmatic
Hippocrates Humoral theory treatments :
Bloodletting, purging, exercise
Certain diseases are caused by the invasion of the body by microorganisms
Modern germ theory
Has been used to treat more people than any other form of medicine approach.
- holistic approach
Traditional Chinese medicine
Incorporates the idea that our bodies are a whole and every part is connected (interconnection is very important )
Holistic approach
Considers duality in everything
-physical health
- diet and nutrition
- interpersonal relationships
- mental and emotional health
Traditional chines medicine( our bodies and our organs living in harmony with the universe through the balance of yin and yang
Instead of trying to understand the cause of disease, TCM focuses on the associations of all systems in the body as possible imbalance causing
Illness
Common TCM treatments:
Massages, acupuncture, cupping theory, medical herbs, dietary changes, ,meditation/breathing exercises, and physical activity
Originated in India , TIM (traditional Indian medicine) has become very common in the United States through the practice of _____
Yoga
TIM uses biopsychosocial approach and focuses on mental health by highlighting the need of ________ between body, mind, and soul
Harmony
Causes for Illness in Traditional indian method
- diet
- disrespect towards gods
- disrespect towards elders and divine teachers
- mental shock due to emotions
- faulty bodily activity
Derives from the indigenous civilizations living in the Americans before colonization
Traditional Mexican Healing/ Curanderismo
One of the main concepts of TMH is
Man de ojo or evil eye
Evil eye=
Illness and sickness will come from someone either admiring you too much (jinx it) or envying u too much (Haters)
TMH recognizes 2 sources of illness
Natural and supernatural
TMH says optimal health is achieved when:
Supernatural and natural are in harmony
Cuadernos or ______ are the main folklore doctors in TMH, they believe illness is not only caused by the ______, but also by the role of the spiritual world and its influence on human health
Healers and germ theory
TMH material- physical level
Limpias (Spiritual cleansing )
Herbal therapy ritualistic curing
Combination of western traditions with TMH treatments
TMH spiritual - emotional level
Medium practices and trance
Casting evil spirits out of the body or breaking a spell
Caribbean Santería health benefits
Link between spirituality and the body assessing and stabilizing a persons well being
Caribbean Santería - source of illness can be associated with
Trabajo/ brujería - spell/witchcraft
Santería , main source of healing comes from
Orishas
The event or threat that causes stress
The stressor
Physiological and physiological response to events that are threatening
Stress
A _____ prepares us to endure an attack or threat to our survival
Stress response
Common modern stressors=
Internal and external or environmental
Nervous system has two parts=
Central and peripheral
In the peripheral nervous system we have the
Somatic and autonomic
Controls voluntary muscles
Somatic
Controls involuntary muscle movements
Autonomic
From the autonomic nervous system =
Parasympathetic and sympathetic
Sympathetic
Enerygy
Parasympathetic
Calms body to conserve energy
Command center of the body . Similar to an alarm system (composed of brain and spinal cord )
CNS
Transmits information to the entire body
Peripheral nervous system
Stressors cause
Imbalance
Stress response re establishes the
Homeostatic response
Way we measure stress- based on persons feelings or perceptions
Self report measure of stress
Widely used for measuring individual stress and accurately predicts coronary heart disease in highly stressed individual
The perceived stress scale
Walter cannon studied the impact of stressors on the
Sympathetic nervous system - activation of the SNS increases blood circulation , respiration, and metabolism and decreases hunger and sexual desire through shutting down the digestive and reproductive system
Cannon also talked about the _____ response
Fight or flight response (enhances long term survival despite short term costs )
Both physical and psychological emergencies release
Adrenaline
Hans Seyle
Proposed that regardless of stressors the body would react in the same way biologically through hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis
- all organisms have a general adaption syndrome
- first phase - alarm reaction
- phase 2= stage resistance
-phase 3= shage of exhaustion
Hypothalamus (cortisone releasing)- anterior pituitary - adrenal cortex (cortisol)
Richard Lazarus
First model including psychological aspects of stress
Stress is he perception of a threat and the perception that one’s resources are inadequate
Lazarus
Main concept of Lazarus view
appraisals , cognitive interpretation of the event
Primary appraisal= whether the event or situation is positive or negative or neutral
Secondary appraisal= determine whether we can manage the event and how we can cope
Shelley Taylor’s theory
Proposed that women tend and be fired in addition to fighting or fleeing . Was the first model to incorporate social support
In the tend in befriend theory women protect and calm the child to remove harms way through
Tending
Female hormone role
Oxytocin
Some people are more vulnerable to stress related diseases due to either genetic weakness or biochemical imbalance that predisposes them to disease
Diatheisis Stress model
The ability of the body to achieve physiological air psychological stability through change
Allostasis
Adaptive response
Allostasis
Overload
Allostatic load
PTSD IS AN AEXAMPLE OF
allostatic load
Access to resources can make a difference during stressful experiences
Socio economic status
Strongly associated with the development of poor health outcomes
Stigma and discrimination
Top 3 stressors in the USA
Finances
Employment
Country’s economy
For most Americans work is considered the main source of
Stress
Main sociocultural models of stress
Self - others - culture and environment
Minority stress model
-focuses on the experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer community
Associated with a hostile and LGBTQ-phobic culture often results in a lifetime of harassment, maltreatment , discrimination and victimization
Unique stressors
The process of social, psychological, no cultural change in which an individual adopts, acquires and adjusts to a new cultural environment
Acculturation model
The stress associated with the experience of integrating oneself into a new dominant culture
Bicultural or acculturative stress
Indirect, subtle, or unintentional discrimination against members of a marginalized group
Micro aggressions
How we manage or deal with stressors
Coping
The ability we develop to recover from adverse events, traumas, and life difficulties and achieve well being
Resilience
Problem focused coping
-directly facing the stressful situation and working to resolve it
-effective in the long term
Approach coping
Emotion coping
-short term
-using mental or behavioral methods to deal with stressors
Avoidant
We all have different strategies to cope and deal with stressors
Situational coping
Our interpersonal relationships with others are crucial to a better way to manage stress
Relatedness (relationship coping)
Big 5 or five factor model (OCEAN)
Openness
Conscientious
Extra version
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
Type A personality
Competitive
Time urgent
Hostile and aggressive
Type b personality
Relaxed
Patient
Easy going
You are in control of your own life
Mastery
Strong commitment to life and enjoying challenges
Hardiness
Individualistic
Western cultures
Collectivistic
Asian/East Asian cultures
Stress is mediated and moderated by how much support we receive from others
Social support
Various types of social support
Function- received and perceived support
Social convoy model…
You- Romantic partner, mother , siblin, father, best friend- coworker, colleague, friend
Goal of this approach is to reduce cognitive load or number of thoughts a person is experiencing to activate parasympathetic system
Relaxation based approached
Approach which creates cognitive restructuring of thoughts
Cognitive behavioral approach
Disclosure of feelings by writing
Emotional expression
Any specific behavior or habit that maintain and enhance health
Healthy behaviors
Social factors that can influence your health outcomes positively and negatively
Social determinants of health
3 main factors that determine health behaviors :
Biological , psychological, societal
3 main types of health behaviors
Primary , secondary, tertiary prevention
Primary prevention
Preventative healthy behaviors
Secondary prevention
Illness related behaviors
Tertiary prevention
Sick role behaviors
Any activity undertaken by an individual who believes himself to be healthy for the purpose of preventing or detecting illness or accident . General health protective health behaviors
Preventative health behavior
Health Belief Model by Hochbaum and colleagues
Theorizes that the following influences readiness to take action (changes health behavior)
-people’s beliefs about whether they are at risk for a disease or health problem
