Exam 1 Flashcards
Who is Justin Martyr?
Justin Martyr was an Apologist in the years 100 - 165.
Who argued that there are a world of realities beyond this world?
Justin Martyr
Palestinian Judaism
- The promised land
- Hellenizing pressures
Jews varied between what?
a.) Ethical Monotheism
B.) Eschatological hope
What is eschatological hope?
The hope and belief of an afterlife and gods kingdom and presence on earth.
Diaspora Judaism
a.) one of the main avenues for christianity
B.) Hebrew OT to Greek
C.) used by diasporic Jews
D.) Greek was used by early missionaries to spread the gospel
What is monotheism?
The belief that there is only one god.
What is polytheism?
The belief that there are several or multiple gods that are worthy of worship.
What is monarchianism?
Monarchianism is in direct contrast to the holy trinity, i.e, it affirmed God as one indivisible being.
What is docetism?
Docetism is one those more important doctrines in Gnosticism. It says that the body of Christ was not human, rather it was a celestial substance and his sufferings were only apparent.
Gnosticism
Gnostics believed in docetism, as well as the argument that matter and material creation is evil.
What are the three contexts of the early church?
1.) Palestinian Judaism
2.) diaspora Judaism
3.) Greco Roman world
What is the Palestinian Judaism context?
Promise land
faithfulness
Pharisees and Sadducee’s
ethical monotheism and eschatological hope
What is the diaspora Judaism context?
Main avenue for the spread of Christianity
Septuagint (Old Testament)
Philo of Alexandria - prove god of OT and gods of Greek philosophy were the same using allegorical methods
What is the Greco Roman world context?
Pax Romana — unity
This cause syncretism
AD 61-100 early Christian’s
These were considered as Jew
authority in 12 apostles, peter and John were preeminent
What separates the Jews?
Language
Aramaic: in Palestine
Greek: found in the Greco Roman diaspora
What is the difference between hebrews and Hellenists?
They are both Jewish Christian’s but:
Hebrew are the Aramaic Jews that accepted Christ whereas the hellenists where the Greek Jews who accepted Christ which divided the two.
What was the earliest persecution of Christian’s?
By the Jews who persecuted the hellenists.
AD 49
This was the Jerusalem council which discussed circumcision and the law. This split Christianity and Judaism
What were the 3 perspectives of the Jerusalem council?
1.) judiazer - circumcise and law
2.) peter, Paul and baranabas: grace saves
3.) James: stipulation (everyone agrees with James).
What happens between Antioch and Jerusalem?
They diverge - Antioch mixed culture and Jerusalem stayed isolated and insulated.
What is religion licitae?
Legal religion.
AD 41 made it legal for Jews to not have to worship emperors.
What was the Jewish perspective of early Christian’s?
They were herectical and Jews feared gods jud
AD 64
Rome
Fire
Persecution by Nero
Christians lost the Jewish status
Christian’s were persecuted not because f fire but be cause they were haters of humans
Set precedence for future persecution
Peter and Paul were martyred and prompted for the writing of mark.
Created a public response of sympathy
AD 70
temple was destroyed, there became a bigger divide between Christian’s and Jews
AD 95
Emperor Domitian
Annual Jewish temple tax to tome.
There were strict laws against Jews and persecution against both Jews and xns.
Revelations was PROBABLY written around now.
What was early church life like?
- Worship: both men and women
- Love of feast i.e. communion
3.) didache
Didache
An early church teaching document
What were the 3 main systems of the church
1.) congretional
2.) presbo(collegiate body)
3.) episcopal (bishop)
What were criticisms of the church?
1.) cannibals
2.) incestous orgies
3.) haters of humans bc of gods wrath
4.) atheist
5.) didn’t participate in many social functions
6.) scripture seemed barbaric
What was persecution like in AD 100-202
Persecution was sporadic and local
What is the original meaning of martyr
Testimony or witness - i.e. those were testifying on christs behalf
Catechumenate
the instruction and formation of catechumens, those being prepared for baptism
Canon
Measuring stick for meaning
Apostolic Succession
No secret knowledge — it is a response to gnosis
Written by iraneous
Apostles Creed
A statement on the belief of the apostles based upon the New Testament
Baptism
- Easter Sunday, fast Friday and Saturday, naked
- After given a white robe
- Water to drink
- Anointed into royal priesthood
- Milk and honey = promise land
- First communion
Nero
AD 64 - emperor, fire
Domitian
AD 95
Emperor
Annual Jewish temple tax to rome
Persecution against both Jews and Christian’s with strict laws against Jews
Revelations was probably written around now
Trajan
Emperor that Pliny wrote to about the 3 chance to recant system if Christian’s were turned in
Marcus aurelius
Emperor, philosophers, hated Christian’s, superstitious and wanted old religion, persecution was local.
Pliny
A governer, wrote to Pliny about 3 chances to recant
Gov Florus
Raided Jerusalem in temple, temple destroyed in AD 70 under him
Philo of Alexandria
Jewish, sought to build bridge and probe that the god of it and Greeks were the same. Was also a philosopher and used the allegorical method, Greek philosophers antedated Hebrew prophets
Ignacius of Antioch
Bishop
opposed docetism, was martyred and Christian’s should submit to authority to avoid heresy
Poly carp
Taught iraneous, germanicus, wouldn’t recant and was a martyr
Decius
249-251 — was the first systematic and universal persecution under Decius, old style Roman, people had abandon gods and that caused probs for Rome response
1.) mandatory worship
2.) persecution
Christians who stood firm were called confessors
Iraneus
Bishop, apostolic succession, first bishop of Rome, divine action means gods leading creation to full f ellowship with him, god creates man to love and lead
Clement of Alexandria
Exhortation to pagans; born in Athens to pagan parents and was a thinker not a pastor, continues Justin martyr, builds bridge, influences Alexandria style and quest for truth and convince pagans allegorically
Septimius Severus
202 persecution, everyone worship sol, did not hunt Christian’s down but not allowed to convert, Christian’s were not sought after
Perpetua and felicitas
Noblewoman and her servant
They were martyred under septimius Severus, visions, ladder, brother, Egyptian = devil, family, view of suffering
Tertullian
Tertullian was a lawyer who wrote apologia which was a response to persecution by Severus and was written in Latin.
He is the father of Latin Christianity and the apologia says that the Rome judicial system is unjust, and criticizes the legal system, don’t look into philosophy or lack of faith, “what has athens to do with Greece”.
Cypriot of Carthage
North Africa
It was strict, no salvation outside of the church and was influenced by Tertullian
Origen (185-254)
Brilliant — Christian parents and lived in Alexandria, 203 became a catechism, martyred during Declan period, ordained in caesura, and was excommunicated by Egypt bishops, wrote HEXAPLA Greek and Hebrew translation, wrote on first principles a systematic theology
Docetism
Platonic, matter and body and material is evil, denies that Jesus was fully human and suffered, this was opposed by ignatious
Gnosticism
A heresy form the first Christian centuries that taught that Jesus shared secret information or knowledge with only a few people who were guaranteed salvation. Gnosticism comes from gnosis, the Greek word for knowledge. Gnosticism was also distrusted material creation, teaching that the human body was evil, ascetics and libertines, opposed by iraneous.
Marcionism
The god of the OT and the NT are not the same
Moralism
God exists in all 3 modes, one mode at a time, patripassionism, sabellianism
Monarchianism
Affirms only one monarchianism, unorthodox,
1.) adoptionist - god adopts Christ when he is baptized
2.) moralism, patripassianism, sabellinism god exists in all 3 modes
Montanism
Orthodox - led by Montana’s, Priscilla, Maximilian, shortage of info, preached vision, youngest and first person, moral and ascetic, bishops of phyrgia opposed because threat to empire, 2 women prophets, prophesies on par with scripture and apostolic heresy.
Synod
Cyprian calls a meeting of bishops to determine the issue of the lapsed during the Deccan persecution.
Augustine
Born in taagaste to Christian mother monica and a pagan father
Augustines early problems with Christianity
Wanted to live a pleasurable life and did not want to submit to the tenants of Christianity
Neo platonism
No real evil, only lesser good
Augustine to the manichees
Augustine claimed that all humans have freedom of will, don’t decide out of circumstance or inner necessity. Can choose evil but creation is good, sees evil as a decision or a negation of the good.
Augustine to Donatists
Rite of baptism doesn’t depend on moral virtue of person administering it
“Just war” theory is that there are times when force is justified — “compel them to come in”
Augustine vs Pelagius
Augustine said that sinner can only sin. sinner free to choose only from sinful alternative.
Can only overcome sin through gods grace which is given only by god.
Augustines Confessions
A spiritual autobiography of Augustine’s spirtual pilgrimage unique in ancient literature
Issues after Nicaea 325
Language and theology — homoousian and homoiousian
Homoiousian
Similar being, 3 persons, tries to avoid modalism.
Homoousian
Father and the sone are diving — avoids Arianism.
Homoousian of West (Ousia as substance)
Stress the father, son, and Holy Spirit are the same essence and at the same Time, 3 persons,
1 oust(person) and 3 postponed (faces) - modalism
Homoiousian of East (ousia as persons)
Stress father, son, and Holy Spirit are 3 different persons while at the same time of the same substance - 3 ousiais (distinguis 3 persons of trinity)
311
Edict of toleration issued by galerus
312
Constantine has his vision, creates his labrum, and secures the west
313
Constantine and licinius issue the edict of Milan granting religious toleration
325
Council of Nicaea — first ecumenical council
357
The declaration of sir I’m forbade any discussion of the son being homoousian - athanasius exiled for 3rd time, doctrine of Nicaea buried, Arianism official varieties of Christian’s.
362
Synod of Alexandria
381
Nicene creed - 2nd ecumenical council at Constantinople, nicene christianity made the official religion of the empire
410
Rome fails
