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Molecular Cell Bio > EXAM 1 > Flashcards

EXAM 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The critical characteristic of the macromolecule from which life evolved:

A

the ability to replicate itself

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2
Q

Two major macromolecules

A

nucleic acid and protein

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3
Q

Only _______ are capable of self Altman and Cechreplication.

A

nucleic acids

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4
Q

Who first discovered that RNA is capable of catalyzing chemical reactions, including the polymerization of nucleotides?

A

Altman and Cech

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5
Q

segments of DNA that encode proteins or RNA.

A

Genes

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6
Q

nucleotide gene sequence is copied into RNA.

A

Transcription

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7
Q

nucleotide sequence of RNA is used to specify the order of amino acids in a protein.

A

Transcription

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8
Q

basic component of all present day membranes

A

phospholipid

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9
Q

hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads

A

amphipathic

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10
Q

glycolysis generates how much ATP

A

2

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11
Q

oxidative metabolism generates how much ATP

A

36-38

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12
Q

Glycolysis evolved when the Earth ’ s atmosphere was:

A

anaerobic

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13
Q

present day prokaryotes

A

archaea, bacteria, cyanobacteria

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14
Q

site of oxidative metabolism

A

mitochondria

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15
Q

perform a variety of functions, including digestion of macromolecules and storage of waste products and nutrients

A

vacuoles

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16
Q

functions in processing and transport of proteins and lipid synthesis.

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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17
Q

proteins are further processed and sorted for transport to their final destinations

A

Golgi apparatus

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18
Q

prokaryotic cells living inside the ancestors of eukaryotes

A

endosymbiosis

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19
Q

Evidence of endosymbiosis

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts, which both contain their own DNA

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20
Q

the simplest eukaryotes

A

yeasts

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21
Q

The amoeba able to Dictyostelium discoideum is able to _____________________ depending on the availability of food.

A

alternate between unicellular and multicellular forms

22
Q

3 main plant tissues

A

ground, vascular, dermal

23
Q

form sheets that cover the surface of the body and line internal organs.

A

Epithelial cells

24
Q

tissues include bone, cartilage, and adipose tissue

A

connective tissue

25
Q

Loose connective tissue is formed by

A

fibroblasts

26
Q

4 organic molecules

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

27
Q

Hydrogen bonds form between:

A

polar organic molecules

28
Q

major nutrient of cells

A

monosaccharide (glucose)

29
Q

polymers of a few sugars.

A

Oligosaccharides

30
Q

polymers of hundreds or thousands of sugars.

A

Polysaccharides

31
Q

sugars are linked by

A

glycosidic bond

32
Q

storage of glucose in animal cells.

A

gylcogen

33
Q

storage of glucose in plants

A

starch

34
Q

Both glycogen and starch are composed entirely of glucose molecules in the

A

α configuration

35
Q

cellulose configuration

A

Glucose in β configuration.

36
Q

Lipids have three main roles:

A

energy storage, membranes, cell signaling

37
Q

long hydrocarbon chains (16 or 18 carbons) with a carboxyl group (COO–) at one end.

A

fatty acids

38
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids

A

1 or more double bonds

39
Q

Saturated fatty acids

A

no double bonds

40
Q

______ are more efficient energy storage than ________, yielding more than twice as much energy per weight of material broken down.

A

Fats ; carbohydrates

41
Q

2 fatty acids: bound to two carbons in glycerol

A

Glycerol phospholipids

42
Q

the only nonglycerol phospholipid in cell membranes

A

Sphingomyelin

43
Q

two hydrocarbon chains and a carbohydrate polar head group

A

glycolipids

44
Q

four hydrophobic hydrocarbon rings and a polar hydroxyl (OH) group

A

Cholesterol

45
Q

(e.g., estrogens and testosterone) are derivatives of cholesterol and act as messengers

A

steroid hormones

46
Q

consist of purine and pyrimidine bases linked to phosphorylated sugars

A

nucleotides

47
Q

bonds between the 5′ phosphate of one nucleotide and the 3′ hydroxyl of another.

A

phosphodiester

48
Q

The bases in DNA are linked to sugars to form

A

nucleosides

49
Q

Polynucleotides are always synthesized in the

A

5′ to 3′ direction.

50
Q

the most diverse of all macromolecules.

A

proteins

51
Q

Animal cell plasma membranes also contain

A

glycolipids and cholesterol

52
Q

two classes of membrane proteins

A

peripheral and integral

Molecular Cell Bio (3 decks)

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