Exam 1

Question 1

endemic

Answer 1

a disease regularly found among particular people or in a certain area, always present (malaria)

Question 2

epidemic

Answer 2

specific to a city, region, country, unexpected rapid widespread occurrence, affects many communities in a specific region ex ebola

Question 3

pandemic

Answer 3

an epidemic that is geographically widespread

Question 4

Typhus

Answer 4

“camp fever”: louse borne bacteria
Rickettsia prowazekii

Question 5

smallpox

Answer 5

Variola virus that causes a highly infectious disease, 300-500 million deaths
90-95% indigenous people

Dr. edward jenner invented the process of vaccination in the late 18th century to combat
only infectious disease to be eradicated through vaccination
origin of concept: immunity and vaccination

Question 6

black death

Answer 6

bubonic plague
Yersinia pestis bacteria transmitted by rodents and flea bites
>17million deaths
2/3 european population

Question 7

syphilis

Answer 7

Treponema pallidum
sexually transmitted
1400s european battles lost due to soldiers fleeing from ‘the disease that caused flesh to fall from faces’
global pandemic, decreased due to penicillin
re-emergence, >10million cases annually

Question 8

spanish flu

Answer 8

influenza A virus, H1N1, 50-100 million deaths
killed more ppl than WW1

Question 9

influenza

Answer 9

influenza A virus, H1N1 >1million deaths

Question 10

HIV/AIDS

Answer 10

the virus that causes AIDS, spread through bodily fluids rather than casual contact or airborne
>70 million infected, >35 million deaths

Question 11

tuberculosis

Answer 11

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, evidence in mummies
infectious nature prompted building of sanatoria for treatment
remains pandemic, 1.8 billion infected >1.3 million deaths/year
origin of concepts: antibiotics, pasteurization, quarantine

Question 12

COVID-19

Answer 12

296,500,000 cases world wide
>5.5 million deaths

Question 13

10 examples of infectious diseases

Answer 13

COVID-19, syphillis, tuberculosis, bubonic plague, small pox, typhus, spanish flu, influenza, HIV/AIDS

Question 14

unintentional introduction

Answer 14

hispanic community was severely affected by measles, influenza and smallpox, within 50 years of columbus arriving 3 million Tanio people died (85% of population)
Fiji was severely affected by measles, loss of 25% of Fijioans and nearly all Chiefs

Question 15

intentional introduction (germ warfare)

Answer 15

12th century italy, diseased corpses were placed in water supply, Tartar forces catapult bodies of plague victims over the city walls of Caffa, Crimean Peninsula
British distribute blankets from smallpox patients to North American indigenous population

Question 16

global deaths per year

Answer 16

based on type of disease
1. respiratory infections
2. HIV AIDS
3. Diarrhoel diseases
4. TB
5. vaccine-preventable childhood diseases

Question 17

comunicable disease

Answer 17

a disease that can be passed from person to another person

Question 18

Global deaths per year based on pathogen taxonomy

Answer 18

largely bacterial and viral

Question 19

Sir Alexander Fleming

Answer 19

Discovered penicillin in 1928
one of most important advances in history of medical science
Nobel prize
He indicated warning of resistance

Question 20

deaths associated with antimicrobial resistance

Answer 20

low estimate now = 700,000
estimate by 2050 = 10 million

Question 21

multi-drug resistant bacteria

Answer 21

resistant to at least 3 classes of antibiotivs

Question 22

extensively drug resistant bacteria

Answer 22

resistant to all but 2 classes of antibiotics

Question 23

Pandrug resistant (PDR)

Answer 23

resistant to all available antibiotics

Question 24

Salmonella typhi (2016)

Answer 24

pakistan 858 cases, resistant to 5 antibiotics

Question 25

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Answer 25

13% cases multidrug-resistant
6% extensively
123 countries

Question 26

Neisseria gonorrhoea

Answer 26

78 million cases annually, 1/3 drug-resistant
new super gon. strain resistant to all but one anti.

Question 27

Psuedomonas aeruginosa

Answer 27

29 cases of pandrug-resistant infection in england in the last 5 years

Question 28

Klebsiella pneumoniae

Answer 28

8000 cases in US death rate 50%
2016 patient died of pandrug-resistant strain

Question 29

by understanding microbial pathogenesis we can develop…

Answer 29

new drugs, vaccines, alternative ways of preventing infection

Question 30

emerging diseases

Answer 30

recognized in the human host for the first time
20th, 20st centuries
SARS, HIV/AIDS, BSE (mad cow), H1N1, ebola, lyme disease (borrelia burgdoferi)

Question 31

re-emerging disease

Answer 31

existed previously but are rapidly increasing in incidence, geographic range
reappear after apparent control or elimination

dengue virus, west nile virus, cholera, tuberculosis, malaria

Question 32

factors contributing to disease emergence and re-emergence

Answer 32

population - overcrowding, poor sanitation
food - mass production, international distribution
poverty
war and famine
international trade and travel
climate and weather
economic development and land use (human exposure to disease, vectors and reservoirs)
Human susceptibility to infection
microbial adaptation and change

Question 33

2 main pathogenic strategies

Answer 33

1. frontal assault strategy
2. stealth assault strategy

Question 34

frontal assault strategy

Answer 34

Cholera
symptoms start 2h-5d after ingestion
produce 10-20 L of diarrhea a day
fatality rate 50% without treatment
death or disease resolution in a few days or as little as 12h

Question 35

V. cholerae pathogenesis

Answer 35

ecological niche: saline coastal waters, zooplankton and shellfish
water and food contaminated with human feces = ingested
GM1: monosialic ganglioside receptor
- cholera toxin (CT) attaches

Question 36

stealth assault strategy

Answer 36

slower infection
set up chronic or persistent infection
manipulate innate and adaptive immune responses

ex: TB
33% global population infected
90-95% of infections asymptomatic
generally active infection present within 2 years or remain latently infected
persist in granulomas during the latency phase of infection
fatality rates 50% without treatment in individuals who develop active disease