Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Population and Society > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

T/F: largest demographic growth is happening to richer countries

A

F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Constant fertility assumption

A

If fertility remains at level it is today

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Compared to rural, urban areas has (higher) or (lower) fertility rates?

A

lower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the stages of the demographic transition model

A

Stage 1: high birth rates, high death rates; short lives, stable pop, mortality oscillates but stable fertility
Stage2: high birth rate, declining death rate; high population growth
Stage 3: decline birth rate, declining death rate; slowing pop growth
Stage 4: stable birth rate at replacement level, low but stable death rates; stable pop
Stage 5:fertility declines below replacement level and stays there consistently; most developed countries in world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

death rate declined bc of …

A

advance in medicine, improved sewage, chlorinating water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what event in history caused rapid pop growth

A

industrial rev

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

when are we the most vulnerable

A

first few years of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

First big change

A

agriculture–> settlement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

second big change

A

more abundance of food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

effects of farming

A

dependent on weather conditions
less diverse foods
could trigger a famine
caused settlement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

effects of settlement/urbanization

A

rampant diseases
dec fertility bc more contraceptives
stratified society
more healthcare

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

effects of IR

A

inc pop size
inc standard of living
decreased mortality
more food abundance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Circumstances of Malthus

A

Poverty, but 200 yrs later was reduced a lot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

which country was first to achieve sustained growth

A

England

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

When was Bubonic plague

A

1345

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

effects of bubonic plague?

A

Inc in income

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

in the malthusian economy, living standards are determined by the ?

A

size of the pop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What was the Malthusian trap

A

rise in productivity and living conditions as a result of ppl dying and leaving more fertile land behind for the survivors
-size of pop determined the living conditions …trapped ancestors in poverty
-a growing economy didn’t raise living conditions, but only to pop growth
-resources/land was fixed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What was Malthus wrong about?

A

-that inc in productivity doesn’t inc standard of living, but only pop growth ensuring poverty is a condition of masses
-taught link btwn size of pop and living conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Pre-growth economy was a ?

A

zero-sum gain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What was Malthus against?

A

-Redistribution–>it would make ppl worse off

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Until late 17th century, england’s economy was stuck in?

A

Malthusian trap- per capita incomes determined by pop size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

England was first country to break out of…

A

Malthusian trap - GDP increased but pop grew at same rate so no inc in income per capita

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

After 1680…

A

transition from zero-sum economy to positive-sum economy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is positive -sum economy

A

income per capita inc as pop also inc
-led to decline of poverty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What did Malthus believe?

A

in pre-growth economy, improvements in living standards were only possible when lots of ppl died

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Do we live in a zero-sum economy today?

A

No, we are in a positive-sum economy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is a claim of Malthus?

A

Unchecked pop grows exponentially, but food and resources grows linearly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What did Malthus believe about pop checks?

A

-there will always be checks
-positive checks: shortened human life and inc death rate (illnesses, war, poverty, weather)
-preventative checks: reduced birth rates (prostitution, delayed marriages, cost of food, war, disease, poverty)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What law of England’s was Malthus against?

A

Poor Laws (gave poor men $ for their children)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What happened in England in the early 1800s?

A

Agricultural revolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Effects of agricultural revolution

A

-Enclosure Acts: took land from peasants to put into hands of the few wealthy
-led to surplus of food and pop explosion
-laid off farmers bc now machines do the work
-precursor to IR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What did Malthus not take into account when making his claims?

A

Couldn’t see the IR taking place in the future or contraceptives

34
Q

which had a larger effect on pops: falling birth rates or rising death rates?

A

falling birth rates

35
Q

what was Malthus wrong about?

A

that Britain couldn’t safely handle a growing population

36
Q

What else did Malthus believe

A

poverty was here to stay

37
Q

What two things did Malthus also miss?

A

inc in productivity (Ir) and children survival rate as well as contraception

38
Q

What happened to the economy after the Black Death?

A

it shrank

39
Q

when was the Malthusian economy happening?

A

1300-1650

40
Q

Malthus thought that too many babies did what?

A

deplete resources

41
Q

as income per capita inc, fertility?

A

dec

42
Q

Malthus thought that poverty inc or dec fertility?

A

Inc

43
Q

2 things Malthus got wrong

A

1) zero-sum economy disappeared, idea that resources are fixed and a ceiling on pop growth exists forever
2)if unchecked, pop grows exponentially

44
Q

What is the main killer

A

infectious diseases

45
Q

Epidemiological transition

A

we are dying from different diseases because we are living longer to get them (cancer, Alzheimer’s)

46
Q

What brought mortality down historically?

A

-acceptance of germ theory and medical advances
-inc in nutrition
-IR–> less poverty–> inc standard of living
-water(chlorination and filtration) and sanitation (sewage) infrastructure

47
Q

when did we have vaccines

A

1900s

48
Q

What brought mortality down in the dev world?

A

better nutrition and immune systems
water and sanitation
medical advances

49
Q

ex of improvements in life expectancy as a consequence of public health infrastructure in France

A

-from water and food-borne: typhoid, diarrhea, and cholera all went down
-air-borne: no effect!

50
Q

how was mortality changed over last century

A

less disease, less poverty, less malnutrition, less wars

51
Q

Conclusions the British made regarding eugenics

A

to improve quality of men for war, we should reduce healthcare to reduce number of unfit ppl
-middle/upper classes should be having more babies

52
Q

2 branches of eugenics

A

-positive: spread message that more fit ppl should have more babies
-negative: suppress unfit ppl by letting mortality run its course; reduce fertility of masses

53
Q

what began the end of eugenics

A

WWII…Holocaust

54
Q

who was linked to eugenic thinking

A

Margaret Sanger

55
Q

what were the majority of famines in history been caused by

A

environment

56
Q

what causes famines now

A

humans, politics, war

57
Q

what is the best way to ward off hunger

A

equal distribution of resources

58
Q

what caused the Irish Potato Famine?

A

potato fungal but was worsened by Britain
-Britain took Irish’s best pastures for their cows and slaves
-Britain forced child labor and killed off many

59
Q

What caused the Bengal Rice Famine?

A

Brown spot, panic buying led to high prices,

60
Q

What was malthus theory abt famines?

A

hit the poor the hardest

61
Q

how did sen view famines?

A

as economic disasters, not agronomic
-famines occur bc ppl lose ability to acquire food, not that there is no food
-inept govt, hoarding, panic buying all led to rise in prices
-env used as scapegoat by leaders
-millions died not from crop failure, but bc of unequal distribution

62
Q

What is sen’s soln to famine?

A

says they are easy to prevent by giving poor ppl more money

63
Q

what is the killer for famines?

A

infectious diseases still

64
Q

define famine

A

excess mortality in particular time and place as a result of depletion of food resources

65
Q

Biggest famine in history?

A

Mao’s Great Chinese Famine/

66
Q

what happened to famine overall and over time?

A

it declined

67
Q

what do we have now that helps with famines that we didn’t back then?

A

Organizations, trade, federal aid

68
Q

what dev do we have now that reduces natural causes of famine

A

-inc availability of food per person
-inc in agric yields
-inc trade
-dec food prices
-less ppl living in extreme poverty
-spread of democracy

69
Q

why do famines happen

A

food supply, absence of food markets, withholding food until prices rose, lack of transportation, poverty, absence of democracy, war, infectious diseases

69
Q

why do famines happen

A

food supply, absence of food markets, withholding food until prices rose, lack of transportation, poverty, absence of democracy, war, infectious diseases

70
Q

does recent history of famine mortality fit the Malthusian narrative well?

A

No- food supply per person has inc as pops grow, famines became less frequent not more like he thought, and politics triggers famine mortality now

71
Q

T/F: countries with higher levels of hunger also had higher pop growth over last 25 yrs

A

T

72
Q

T/F: pop growth makes famines inevitable

A

F

73
Q

Why can’t Malthusian logic explain how pop growth doesn’t make famine inevitable?

A

1) per capita food supply has inc as pops have grown
2)famine deaths have dec with pop growth
3)pop growth is higher where hunger is higher
4) hunger has fallen fastest in countries with high pop growth

74
Q

most studied famine in history

A

Irish potato famine

75
Q

Are famines usually localized?

A

yes

76
Q

What did Sen accuse the commission ignored when calculating the amount of grain they had

A

ignored grain carried over from one season to another

77
Q

What was Sen’s conclusion after analyzing the stats

A

the distribution was unequal, not that there was no food

78
Q

Why weren’t the Irish and Bengal famines Malthsian?

A

it wasn’t overpopulation but a combo of inflation and distribution probs and lack of govt control

79
Q

Malthus claims that if pop exceeds means of subsistence, mortality will fix it. How?

A

gradual and continuous problems like bad housing, nutrition, health probs, diseases, violence, famine. If all these fail, famine will do it.

Population and Society (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions