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Population and Society > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what demography was sex-selective abortion popular with

A

middle class, rich/highly educated

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2
Q

what were some effects of an imbalanced sex ratio?

A

kidnapping and trafficking of girls, sharing of wives, child brides, more crime, rape, buildup of militias, interracial marriages, men traveling abroad to find wives, inc female suicide rates, dec cost of dowries, inc price of brides, inc in household savings

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3
Q

how did relaxation of the policy result in unnatural upsurge in number of boys?

A

allowed couples that had girls as their first child to have more kids

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4
Q

sex ratios go out of whack when what 3 things occur at once

A

1) lots of ppl must rlly want boys
2)low birth rates
3)must have an accessible way of getting rid of unwanted girls/ abortion

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5
Q

ways to bring sex ratio back to normal

A

1) matrilocality- living in wife’s household
2) urbanization- couples in cities live far from parents, move away from tradition
3)rural men are struggling to find wives bc women move to cities
4)govt tries to cajole citizens into birthing girls via money and posters
5)TV education via soap operas about female infanticides rose awareness

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6
Q

What is a reason as to why fertility is falling?

A

spread of women being educated

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7
Q

what was the result of China’s one child policy

A

female infanticide, imbalanced sex ratios, mass sterilizations, forced abortions

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8
Q

T/F: Higher standards of living inc fertility

A

F

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9
Q

how does dec fertility rate help the economy

A

it changes the structure of the pop (inc size of workforce relative to numbers of children and old ppl, affects dependency ratio bc old ppl, allows more rapid accumulation of capita per head and if have farm get more land per children rather )

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10
Q

describe the fertility planning in Thailand

A

nurses and midwives presribed BC pills, family planning floating market, introduction to condoms in schools, micro-credit fund,

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11
Q

social advantages of fewer kids

A

symbolizes rich, high social status

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12
Q

what are the 3 preconditions of fertility decline

A

1)fertility must be of conscious choice and that it is up to the parents to decide how many kids to have, not God or some external source
2)must be advantageous econ and/or socially
3) contraception must be easily accessible and available

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13
Q

What happened in Japan

A

western ideas of health and sanitation infiltrated, big pop boom but overcrowded and danger of famine. Resulted in formation of Population Council to control world pop growth. Population council tried to dev new forms of contraception and to help countries set up family planning programs which started in India and Pakistan

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14
Q

What happened in Puerto Rico

A

clinical trial for BC pills but didn’t know abt it, mass sterilization programs, eugenic thinking that PR were inferior

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15
Q

How did effective contraception begin?

A

Began in France- figured out ways of sex that didn’t include vaginal intercourse, pulling out. Women started taking charge

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16
Q

what is the most important correlator for fertility rate

A

education

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17
Q

What happened btwn WW2 and 1970s that led to fertility dec

A

pop boom–> panic
Population Bomb book
Costa Rica and Puerto Rico

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18
Q

Who were the “contraceptive cavalry”

A

US elites like Rockefeller

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19
Q

What happened in Costa Rica

A

effective govt, shrank military, invested into healthcare, role of Catholicism: promoted smaller families due to growth of evangelical.

20
Q

T/F: Modernizing societies will bring sex ratios backt to normal

A

F

21
Q

T/F: Sex disparities tend to rise with inc income and education

A

T

22
Q

what explained the unnatural upsurge in the number of boys

A

Relaxaion of the 1-child policy

23
Q

Relaxations of the 1-child policy

A

1) in coastal provinces, 40% of couples are allowed to have a second child if first is not a girl
2)in central and southern provinces everyone is permitted a second child if the first was a girl or if the parents suffer hardship

24
Q

T/F: One child policy is stricter in urban areas

A

T

25
Q

What happened in India

A

North India has very high fertility rate, BC clinics opened and popular among middle class, world’s first pop control plan: encouraged vasectomies. Mass vasectomies didn’t work so began forced sterilization programs. Fall in fertility evnetually due to ppl realizing that forced population control campaigns were not the move

26
Q

how did culture play a role in India’s thing

A

acceptabiltiy of marriages inc, racism, acceptance of not having a child at all, more employment opportunities for women. Compare with cultureal change in Thailand with introducing sex ed in schools and competitions

27
Q

T/F: india and china had decline of fertility before decline of infant mortality

A

F

28
Q

How was India’s forced sterilization program different

A

Targeted men instead of women. Vasectomies are easier than tubal ligations and cheaper. Targeted Muslims

29
Q

how was the one child policy similar to India’s forced sterilization program

A

-had to meet a certain quota

30
Q

what was the demographic effect of having this forced sterilization program in India during the emergency

A

no effect

31
Q

what were some broader effects of the emergency in India

A

-inspired Chinese officials to introduce one child policy
-global backlash against pop control programs that were coercive

32
Q

What did Mao do in China

A

believed more chinese ppl = stronger China. wanted women to keep giving birth so they could have a large military
-introduced great leap forward–> disaster bc caused famine

33
Q

what did the one child policy entail

A

-quotas
-enforced abortions
-attention only on women

34
Q

why were ppl more willing to endure one child policy compared to India’s forced sterilization program

A

China was communist so govt provided the ppl with necessities

35
Q

methods they used to enforce one child policy

A

made contraception widely available, financial incentives, employment opportunities

36
Q

consequences of one child policy

A

-skewed sex ratios to males
-rise in abortion of females
-inc orphans
-infanticide of baby girls
-inc in income per person

37
Q

why didn’t fertility go up after abolishing the OCP?

A

alr adjusted to having mindset that fewer children = better life

38
Q

T/F: OCP kept millions of births form happening in first 20 yrs but after ppl had preference for fewer children

A

T

39
Q

What happened in Bangladesh

A

successful contraception program: highly trained female planning workers toured countryside and visited women in their homes. Women wanted and needed contraception

40
Q

what happened in Iran

A

rise in consumerism dec fertility, women fighting back, inc divorce rates
Before Islamic Rev, began a family planning program: distributed birth control but wasn’t successful. When Iranian war bega, family planning stopped bc wanted more men for military but now too much men so reinstated family planning: made contraception widely available, voluntary, allowed university education for women, required to attend premarital classes abt pros of having less children.
Family planning successful bc of Iranian Revolution: health houses, relied heavily on pulling out, prohibited abortions. Contraception was free and available to all

41
Q

Compare what happened to Bangladesh and Iran

A

-both were voluntary
-poor ppl wanted fewer kids
-women-led
-reached every possible place

42
Q

what happened in Iran when family planning was dismanlted

A

little effect on fertility

43
Q

what changed at time of contraceptive rev

A

pill and IUD

44
Q

What happened in Niger

A

-more socially motivated to have kids
-ex of Malthusian trap bc resources are fixed

45
Q

compare israel and niger

A

-similar religous doctrines: giving birth is a mandate from God
-Israel has help of govt that Niger doesn’t

Population and Society (2 decks)

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