Exam 1 Flashcards
autotrophic
uses sunlight to create and store own food
sclerenchyma (func + characteristics)
support, defense, water movement,
thin 1° cell wall, thick 2° cell wall, dead at maturity
types of Sclerenchyma cells
Sclerids and fibers
sclereid cells
Sclerenchyma cell type, isodiametric, mostly defensive, sometimes structural support. wears down grazers teeth
fiber cells
elongated, support, defense, modified for H2O movement (around xylem and phloem)
collenchyma (func+traits)
flexible support, young stems, thick 1° wall, elongate cells, alive at maturity, honeycomb appearance with gluey color when unstained
prokaryotes
no membrane-bound organelles
ex. bacteria and archaea (cyanobacteria)
eukaryotes
membrane-bound organelles
ex. animals, fungi, plants
symplast
living body (inside cell)
apoplast
dead body (cell walls)
parenchyma (func+traits)
“everything” cell, thin 1° cell wall, isodiametric, physiological cell, “to pour”, alive at maturity
Types of Parenchyma
- chlorenchyma
- secretory
- storage cells
- meristematic
- boundary/epidermis
- arenchyma
chlorenchyma cells
- type of Parenchyma cell
- chloroplast-containing cells
- photosynthetic
- found in leaves, stems, sometimes bark/fruit
secretory cells
- type of parenchyma cell
- external or internal defensive/protective
mechanisms: - resin ducts
- laticifers
- oil glands
storage cells
- type of parenchyma cell
- storage of water, starch, oil, metabolites (looks like soap bubbles under microscope)
meristematic cells
- type of parenchyma cell
- ability to divide: rapid cell growth for shoots, root tips, and growth rings
proplastid
“before” or “first” body. starting point found in all living cells
chromoplast
“color body” - stores pigments
chloroplast
“green body” - active photosynthesis
amyloplast
“starch body” - stores starch
boundary cell
- type of parenchyma cell
- separates tissues or organ from environment
- most common: epidermis
aerenchyma cell
- type of parenchyma cell
- create LARGE air spaces to move gasses, typically O, or reduce organ mass
differentiation
- to become different through several mechanisms
- from less specialized > more specialized
dedifferentiation
- structure becomes less different
- reverts (more special -> less special)
A stem is cut and placed in water. Cells in the stem ______, then divide quickly and then become cells which will _____ into roots.
dedifferentiate, differentiate
name the tissue systems
- dermal
- vascular
- ground
simple tissues
made up of one cell type
complex tissues
made up of more than one cell type
what is vascular tissue?
made of:
- 2 complex tissues
- associated parenchyma cells
- found in bundles, aka veins
xylem
- moves H2O and dissolved minerals upwards
- different types of sclerenchyma
phloem
- moves photosynthates (sugars) and signaling molecules from sources to sinks
xylem cell types
- parenchyma - alive
- fibers - dead
- tracheary elements - H2O movement, dead
conductance
water carrying capacity in a vessel
Has randomized tissue patterns, not ring patterns.
Monocot
Has ring tissue patterns, not randomized
Dicot
What does Xylem carry, in what direction(s)?
-Carries H2O and dissolved minerals and vitamins
- Upwards
what does Phloem carry? in what direction?
- Carries photosynthates (sugars) and signaling molecules
- down, and sometimes up
Xylem Tracheary elements are made up of what 2 things?
- Tracheids - long, small lumen, H2O slow, “leaky pipes”
- Vessels - short, large lumen, H2O fast
what type of vascular tissue has sieve tube members and companion cells?
phloem
where do all plant tissues (complex and simple) come from?
Meristems/Meristematic Regions
Primary Meristems consist of what 3 tissues
consists of Dermal, Ground, and Vascular tissues
what are apical meristems?
they are meristems found at the apex of growth in roots and stems
Monocot:
1. number of cotyledons
2. venation pattern
3. flower parts
4. arrangement of vascular bundles
5. appearance of secondary growth
6. root morphology
- 1
- usually parallel
- 3’s
- scattered
- usually no
- adventitious
Dicot:
1. number of cotyledons
2. venation pattern
3. flower parts
4. arrangement of vascular bundles
5. appearance of secondary growth
6. root morphology
- 2
- usually reticulate
- 4’s or 5’s
- circular
- yes
- taproot & adventitious
Two classes of Flowering plants?
monocots and dicots
what is a stem apex?
the growing point on the end of a plant stem, and location of apical buds, which make new stem and leaf tissue
(SAM)
shoot apical meristem:
- where they will put down axillary buds and leaf primordia
- also lays down meristematic cells
meristematic cell differentiation types:
- protoderm
- ground meristem
- procambium
what does the protoderm in SAM’s give rise to?
epidermal tissues
what does the ground meristem in SAM’s give rise to?
ground tissue
what does the procambium in SAM’s give rise to?
vascular tissues
what is ground tissue and what kinds of cells is it made of?
all tissues except for dermal or vascular:
- parenchyma
- collenchyma
- sclerenchyma
what tissue has stomata, trichomes, and secretory cells?
Epidermal Tissue
what tissue is the cortex and the pith?
Ground tissue
what tissue has:
- phloem tissues
- sieve elements
- companion cells
- xylem tissues
- fibers
- proto&meta xylem
vascular tissue
what conducts photosynthates - specialized parenchyma
phloem tissues
what makes up sieve elements?
all phloem
what is a sieve plate?
the ends of sieve tube members
what is a sieve pore?
enlarged plasmodesmata which allows mass movement
what is a sieve area?
area of sieve pores
what is a companion cell?
cell which controls the sieve element in phloem
what is a p-protein?
phloem protein
what tissues conduct water and minerals - specialized sclerenchyma?
xylem tissues
what is the first xylem to develop from the procambium?
protoxylem
what is the larger xylem that replaces protoxylem
metaxylem
what is a cell that is composed of large sclerenchyma cell with larger perforations on the ends? angiosperms only.
vessel element
what is a dead, thick secondary wall, has pits and thickenings, found in all vascular plants?
tracheids
function of stem
- provide structure of sufficient strength to hold the leaves to the sun for photosynthesis
- prepare for environmental damage
- contain vascular bundles
abaxial surface
the side of a leaf that grows away from the medial line of the stem, has more stomata, can be lighter in color, or nah
abscission zone
specialized cell layers for a separation zone, formed at the base of a petiole. has thin cell walls in top layers, and a bottom layer that expands in the fall causing leaf shed
adventitious roots
roots that form from any non root tissue due to a change in external conditions
alternate phyllotaxi
- most common type
- leaves arranged in alternating fashion
what do amino acids do for plants?
- protein synthesis
- growth and development
- nutrition
- stress responses
angiosperms
flowering plants that make seeds within fruits
what does an amyloplast produce and then store?
starch
plastid
a membrane bound organelle found in cells of plants, algae, and other eukaryotes
axillary bud
a node which can grow more shoots or leaves
axil
leaf nodes along shoots
bryophytes
taxonomic division containing non-vascular plants:
- liverworts
- hornworts
- mosses (bryophyta)
bud
an undeveloped/embryonic shoot, occurring at the axial or a leaf or tip of a stem
carbohydrates
produced by photosynthesis, vital sources of energy, carbon skeletons for organic compounds and storage components
casuarina strip
- ring-like cell wall modifications in root endodermis
- crucial for selective nutrient uptake
cellulose
building blocks for cell walls, stable support, arranged in microfibrils (polysaccharides)
colleters
multicellular secretory hairs, found in groups near the base of petioles, on stipules, and sepals (fam: Loganiaceae and Rubiaceae)
compound leaf
- has multiple blade units called leaflets or pinnae
- the rachis is what the leaflets are attached to, but there is just one axillary bud that the petiole will attach to
cortex
tissue of i specialized cells lying between the epidermis and vasculature of stems and roots
determinants of all plants
- water
- light
- nutrients
- temperature
endogenously
growing or produced by growth from deep tissue (roots)
endoplasmic reticulum function in plants
- network of tubing so proteins can be shipped out into the cell system
- lipid biosynthesis and storage
ferns
- sporophytes
- has vasculature
- no seeds, no flowers, no fruits
- just green🌿:)
gravitropism
growth response to the environment that directs shoots upwards and roots downward
guard cells
come in pairs, thickening around the pore of the stomatae
gymnosperms
seed-producing plants by cones, they do not have seed coats, exposed seeds = ovules
heterophylly
when there are different leaf shapes on the same plant, ex. Mulberry
hydroids
type of vascular cell in certain bryophytes (innermost layer of stems)
imperforate
no holes that develop
indeterminate growth
growth that is not terminated, aka does not stop
determinate growth
will stop at a certain threshold, a genetically pre-determined structure has completely formed
lacuna
this is a hole in the vasculature where the protoxylem have died off, metaxylem should be formed by now
leptoid
type of elongated food-conducting cell in mosses, they surround strands of water-conducting hydroids, similar to sieve elements
lignin
complex organic polymers forming support tissues, cell walls (wood and bark)
liverworts
- non vascular
- gametophyte- dominant lifecycle
- no seeds
- spores
what is the lumen
cavity bounded by cell walls
what does the lumen do?
transports air and fluids inside the plant between cells of fibers
middle lamella
layer of stuff between cells joining them together, cannot see on a microscope
mitochondria
organelle that synthesizes ATP, transfers electrons from NADH to Oxygen
mosses
- non vascular
- no flowers
- no seeds
- spores and gametes
mucilage, and where? and ex?
water-soluble adhesive material made of carbs and acids
- mucous epidermis on outer seed layer
- bark
- leaves
- buds
ex - flaxseed - cacti
opposite phyllotaxy
two nodes on opposite sides of the stem will produce leaves
pectin, what has the most pectin?
component of cell walls:
- acidic sugar-containing backbones with nye teal sugar containing side chains
- CITRUS FRUITS HAVE THE MOST PECTIN
perforation plate
the plate with large openings on the end walls found in Xylem trachiery elements for passage of H2O
phloem protein? and what does it do?
- most abundant and enigmatic proteins in sieve elements and companion cells
- morphology, transportation, wound protection
pit fields
- found in phloem where the cell walls are much thinner to enable easier transfer of materials between cells
plasmodesmata
intercellular pores connecting adjacent plant walls, easier transfer of materials and info
primary cell wall
outer cell wall
secondary cell wall
found between primary cell wall and plasma membrane
primary phloem
forms from the pro-cambium during primary growth
primary xylem
formed during primary growth from the pro-cambium of apical meristems
procambium
meristematic tissue which provides the primary tissues of the vascular system
programmed cell death (apoptosis)
- phagocytosis
- cell shrinkage
- pulls away from other cells
- fragments off
- can be used to make new mature fibers
- can turn into lacuna
protoderm
thin outer layer of meristem in embryos and growing points of roots and stems, gives rise to epidermis
quiescent center
found in root tips, stem cell reservoir so RAM can continue
radicle
- first part of the seedling to emerge from seed during germination
- embryonic root and grows down into the soil
totipotency
ability to divide and produce all differentiated cells in the plant
