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Botany > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

autotrophic

A

uses sunlight to create and store own food

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2
Q

sclerenchyma (func + characteristics)

A

support, defense, water movement,
thin 1° cell wall, thick 2° cell wall, dead at maturity

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3
Q

types of Sclerenchyma cells

A

Sclerids and fibers

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4
Q

sclereid cells

A

Sclerenchyma cell type, isodiametric, mostly defensive, sometimes structural support. wears down grazers teeth

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5
Q

fiber cells

A

elongated, support, defense, modified for H2O movement (around xylem and phloem)

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6
Q

collenchyma (func+traits)

A

flexible support, young stems, thick 1° wall, elongate cells, alive at maturity, honeycomb appearance with gluey color when unstained

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7
Q

prokaryotes

A

no membrane-bound organelles
ex. bacteria and archaea (cyanobacteria)

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8
Q

eukaryotes

A

membrane-bound organelles
ex. animals, fungi, plants

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9
Q

symplast

A

living body (inside cell)

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10
Q

apoplast

A

dead body (cell walls)

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11
Q

parenchyma (func+traits)

A

“everything” cell, thin 1° cell wall, isodiametric, physiological cell, “to pour”, alive at maturity

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12
Q

Types of Parenchyma

A
  1. chlorenchyma
  2. secretory
  3. storage cells
  4. meristematic
  5. boundary/epidermis
  6. arenchyma
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13
Q

chlorenchyma cells

A
  • type of Parenchyma cell
  • chloroplast-containing cells
  • photosynthetic
  • found in leaves, stems, sometimes bark/fruit
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14
Q

secretory cells

A
  • type of parenchyma cell
  • external or internal defensive/protective
    mechanisms:
  • resin ducts
  • laticifers
  • oil glands
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15
Q

storage cells

A
  • type of parenchyma cell
  • storage of water, starch, oil, metabolites (looks like soap bubbles under microscope)
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16
Q

meristematic cells

A
  • type of parenchyma cell
  • ability to divide: rapid cell growth for shoots, root tips, and growth rings
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17
Q

proplastid

A

“before” or “first” body. starting point found in all living cells

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18
Q

chromoplast

A

“color body” - stores pigments

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19
Q

chloroplast

A

“green body” - active photosynthesis

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20
Q

amyloplast

A

“starch body” - stores starch

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21
Q

boundary cell

A
  • type of parenchyma cell
  • separates tissues or organ from environment
  • most common: epidermis
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22
Q

aerenchyma cell

A
  • type of parenchyma cell
  • create LARGE air spaces to move gasses, typically O, or reduce organ mass
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23
Q

differentiation

A
  • to become different through several mechanisms
  • from less specialized > more specialized
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24
Q

dedifferentiation

A
  • structure becomes less different
  • reverts (more special -> less special)
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25
Q

A stem is cut and placed in water. Cells in the stem ______, then divide quickly and then become cells which will _____ into roots.

A

dedifferentiate, differentiate

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26
Q

name the tissue systems

A
  1. dermal
  2. vascular
  3. ground
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27
Q

simple tissues

A

made up of one cell type

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28
Q

complex tissues

A

made up of more than one cell type

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29
Q

what is vascular tissue?

A

made of:
- 2 complex tissues
- associated parenchyma cells
- found in bundles, aka veins

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30
Q

xylem

A
  • moves H2O and dissolved minerals upwards
  • different types of sclerenchyma
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31
Q

phloem

A
  • moves photosynthates (sugars) and signaling molecules from sources to sinks
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32
Q

xylem cell types

A
  • parenchyma - alive
  • fibers - dead
  • tracheary elements - H2O movement, dead
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33
Q

conductance

A

water carrying capacity in a vessel

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34
Q

Has randomized tissue patterns, not ring patterns.

A

Monocot

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35
Q

Has ring tissue patterns, not randomized

A

Dicot

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36
Q

What does Xylem carry, in what direction(s)?

A

-Carries H2O and dissolved minerals and vitamins
- Upwards

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37
Q

what does Phloem carry? in what direction?

A
  • Carries photosynthates (sugars) and signaling molecules
  • down, and sometimes up
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38
Q

Xylem Tracheary elements are made up of what 2 things?

A
  • Tracheids - long, small lumen, H2O slow, “leaky pipes”
  • Vessels - short, large lumen, H2O fast
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39
Q

what type of vascular tissue has sieve tube members and companion cells?

A

phloem

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40
Q

where do all plant tissues (complex and simple) come from?

A

Meristems/Meristematic Regions

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41
Q

Primary Meristems consist of what 3 tissues

A

consists of Dermal, Ground, and Vascular tissues

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42
Q

what are apical meristems?

A

they are meristems found at the apex of growth in roots and stems

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43
Q

Monocot:
1. number of cotyledons
2. venation pattern
3. flower parts
4. arrangement of vascular bundles
5. appearance of secondary growth
6. root morphology

A
  1. 1
  2. usually parallel
  3. 3’s
  4. scattered
  5. usually no
  6. adventitious
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44
Q

Dicot:
1. number of cotyledons
2. venation pattern
3. flower parts
4. arrangement of vascular bundles
5. appearance of secondary growth
6. root morphology

A
  1. 2
  2. usually reticulate
  3. 4’s or 5’s
  4. circular
  5. yes
  6. taproot & adventitious
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45
Q

Two classes of Flowering plants?

A

monocots and dicots

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46
Q

what is a stem apex?

A

the growing point on the end of a plant stem, and location of apical buds, which make new stem and leaf tissue

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47
Q

(SAM)

A

shoot apical meristem:
- where they will put down axillary buds and leaf primordia
- also lays down meristematic cells

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48
Q

meristematic cell differentiation types:

A
  • protoderm
  • ground meristem
  • procambium
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49
Q

what does the protoderm in SAM’s give rise to?

A

epidermal tissues

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50
Q

what does the ground meristem in SAM’s give rise to?

A

ground tissue

51
Q

what does the procambium in SAM’s give rise to?

A

vascular tissues

52
Q

what is ground tissue and what kinds of cells is it made of?

A

all tissues except for dermal or vascular:
- parenchyma
- collenchyma
- sclerenchyma

53
Q

what tissue has stomata, trichomes, and secretory cells?

A

Epidermal Tissue

54
Q

what tissue is the cortex and the pith?

A

Ground tissue

55
Q

what tissue has:
- phloem tissues
- sieve elements
- companion cells
- xylem tissues
- fibers
- proto&meta xylem

A

vascular tissue

56
Q

what conducts photosynthates - specialized parenchyma

A

phloem tissues

57
Q

what makes up sieve elements?

A

all phloem

58
Q

what is a sieve plate?

A

the ends of sieve tube members

59
Q

what is a sieve pore?

A

enlarged plasmodesmata which allows mass movement

60
Q

what is a sieve area?

A

area of sieve pores

61
Q

what is a companion cell?

A

cell which controls the sieve element in phloem

62
Q

what is a p-protein?

A

phloem protein

63
Q

what tissues conduct water and minerals - specialized sclerenchyma?

A

xylem tissues

64
Q

what is the first xylem to develop from the procambium?

A

protoxylem

65
Q

what is the larger xylem that replaces protoxylem

A

metaxylem

66
Q

what is a cell that is composed of large sclerenchyma cell with larger perforations on the ends? angiosperms only.

A

vessel element

67
Q

what is a dead, thick secondary wall, has pits and thickenings, found in all vascular plants?

A

tracheids

68
Q

function of stem

A
  • provide structure of sufficient strength to hold the leaves to the sun for photosynthesis
  • prepare for environmental damage
  • contain vascular bundles
69
Q

abaxial surface

A

the side of a leaf that grows away from the medial line of the stem, has more stomata, can be lighter in color, or nah

70
Q

abscission zone

A

specialized cell layers for a separation zone, formed at the base of a petiole. has thin cell walls in top layers, and a bottom layer that expands in the fall causing leaf shed

71
Q

adventitious roots

A

roots that form from any non root tissue due to a change in external conditions

72
Q

alternate phyllotaxi

A
  • most common type
  • leaves arranged in alternating fashion
73
Q

what do amino acids do for plants?

A
  • protein synthesis
  • growth and development
  • nutrition
  • stress responses
74
Q

angiosperms

A

flowering plants that make seeds within fruits

75
Q

what does an amyloplast produce and then store?

A

starch

76
Q

plastid

A

a membrane bound organelle found in cells of plants, algae, and other eukaryotes

77
Q

axillary bud

A

a node which can grow more shoots or leaves

78
Q

axil

A

leaf nodes along shoots

79
Q

bryophytes

A

taxonomic division containing non-vascular plants:

  • liverworts
  • hornworts
  • mosses (bryophyta)
80
Q

bud

A

an undeveloped/embryonic shoot, occurring at the axial or a leaf or tip of a stem

81
Q

carbohydrates

A

produced by photosynthesis, vital sources of energy, carbon skeletons for organic compounds and storage components

82
Q

casuarina strip

A
  • ring-like cell wall modifications in root endodermis
  • crucial for selective nutrient uptake
83
Q

cellulose

A

building blocks for cell walls, stable support, arranged in microfibrils (polysaccharides)

84
Q

colleters

A

multicellular secretory hairs, found in groups near the base of petioles, on stipules, and sepals (fam: Loganiaceae and Rubiaceae)

85
Q

compound leaf

A
  • has multiple blade units called leaflets or pinnae
  • the rachis is what the leaflets are attached to, but there is just one axillary bud that the petiole will attach to
86
Q

cortex

A

tissue of i specialized cells lying between the epidermis and vasculature of stems and roots

87
Q

determinants of all plants

A
  1. water
  2. light
  3. nutrients
  4. temperature
88
Q

endogenously

A

growing or produced by growth from deep tissue (roots)

89
Q

endoplasmic reticulum function in plants

A
  1. network of tubing so proteins can be shipped out into the cell system
  2. lipid biosynthesis and storage
90
Q

ferns

A
  • sporophytes
  • has vasculature
  • no seeds, no flowers, no fruits
  • just green🌿:)
91
Q

gravitropism

A

growth response to the environment that directs shoots upwards and roots downward

92
Q

guard cells

A

come in pairs, thickening around the pore of the stomatae

93
Q

gymnosperms

A

seed-producing plants by cones, they do not have seed coats, exposed seeds = ovules

94
Q

heterophylly

A

when there are different leaf shapes on the same plant, ex. Mulberry

95
Q

hydroids

A

type of vascular cell in certain bryophytes (innermost layer of stems)

96
Q

imperforate

A

no holes that develop

97
Q

indeterminate growth

A

growth that is not terminated, aka does not stop

98
Q

determinate growth

A

will stop at a certain threshold, a genetically pre-determined structure has completely formed

99
Q

lacuna

A

this is a hole in the vasculature where the protoxylem have died off, metaxylem should be formed by now

100
Q

leptoid

A

type of elongated food-conducting cell in mosses, they surround strands of water-conducting hydroids, similar to sieve elements

101
Q

lignin

A

complex organic polymers forming support tissues, cell walls (wood and bark)

102
Q

liverworts

A
  • non vascular
  • gametophyte- dominant lifecycle
  • no seeds
  • spores
103
Q

what is the lumen

A

cavity bounded by cell walls

104
Q

what does the lumen do?

A

transports air and fluids inside the plant between cells of fibers

105
Q

middle lamella

A

layer of stuff between cells joining them together, cannot see on a microscope

106
Q

mitochondria

A

organelle that synthesizes ATP, transfers electrons from NADH to Oxygen

107
Q

mosses

A
  • non vascular
  • no flowers
  • no seeds
  • spores and gametes
108
Q

mucilage, and where? and ex?

A

water-soluble adhesive material made of carbs and acids
- mucous epidermis on outer seed layer
- bark
- leaves
- buds
ex - flaxseed - cacti

109
Q

opposite phyllotaxy

A

two nodes on opposite sides of the stem will produce leaves

110
Q

pectin, what has the most pectin?

A

component of cell walls:
- acidic sugar-containing backbones with nye teal sugar containing side chains
- CITRUS FRUITS HAVE THE MOST PECTIN

111
Q

perforation plate

A

the plate with large openings on the end walls found in Xylem trachiery elements for passage of H2O

112
Q

phloem protein? and what does it do?

A
  • most abundant and enigmatic proteins in sieve elements and companion cells
  • morphology, transportation, wound protection
113
Q

pit fields

A
  • found in phloem where the cell walls are much thinner to enable easier transfer of materials between cells
114
Q

plasmodesmata

A

intercellular pores connecting adjacent plant walls, easier transfer of materials and info

115
Q

primary cell wall

A

outer cell wall

116
Q

secondary cell wall

A

found between primary cell wall and plasma membrane

117
Q

primary phloem

A

forms from the pro-cambium during primary growth

118
Q

primary xylem

A

formed during primary growth from the pro-cambium of apical meristems

119
Q

procambium

A

meristematic tissue which provides the primary tissues of the vascular system

120
Q

programmed cell death (apoptosis)

A
  • phagocytosis
  • cell shrinkage
  • pulls away from other cells
  • fragments off
  • can be used to make new mature fibers
  • can turn into lacuna
121
Q

protoderm

A

thin outer layer of meristem in embryos and growing points of roots and stems, gives rise to epidermis

122
Q

quiescent center

A

found in root tips, stem cell reservoir so RAM can continue

123
Q

radicle

A
  • first part of the seedling to emerge from seed during germination
  • embryonic root and grows down into the soil
124
Q

totipotency

A

ability to divide and produce all differentiated cells in the plant

Botany (3 decks)

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