Exam 1 Flashcards
what is crime?
behaviors that we have deemed to be unlawful as a society
a conduct or failure to act in violation of the law forbidding or commanding it, and for which a range of possible penalties exist upon conviction
crime
behavior in violation of the criminal code
criminal behavior
offenses that do not require criminal intent
strict liability offenses
psychology of crime and aggression/delinquency
forensic psychology
personal theory that the world is a just place, where one gets what one deserves
just-world theory
just-worlders have been shown to favor ___ and to be nonsupportive of many social programs
capital punishment
considered to be adaptive and helpful in coping with dire circumstances to one’s life (“I get what I deserve”)
belief in a personal just-world
more problematic belief because it is associated with less compassion for others and even a derogation of victims of crime
belief in a general just-world
a set of interrelated constructs (concepts), definitions, and propositions that present a systematic view of phenomena
scientific theory
a process whereby a scientific theory is tested through observation and analysis. if the process falsifies the theory, the theory must be revised to account for the observed events
theory verification
the end result if any proposition of the theory is not verified
falsification
theory of human behavior that emphasizes free will as a core concept
classical theory
modern version of classical theory which proposes that people will avoid committing crime if the possibility of punishment is great enough
deterrence theory
ex. of deterrence theory
surveillance cameras
theory that argues prior experiences or influences determine present behavior (closely aligned with the idea of determinism)
positivist theory
according to the positivist school, human behavior is governed by ____ and ____ is undermined
causal laws; free will
three major theories of crime:
- conformity perspective
- nonconformist perspective
- learning perspective
humans are born basically good and generally try to do the right and just thing (trying to conform to societal norms)
conformity perspective
crime and delinquency occur when there is a perceived discrepancy between the materialistic values and goals cherished and held in high esteem by a society and the availability of the legitimate means for reaching these goals
strain theory
who developed strain theory?
robert merton
two aspects of strain theory:
anomie and innovation
anomie
crime occurs when goals and ability to get there are incompatible
innovation
acting in criminal ways to achieve a goal - “success through the back door”
this theory assumes that people are basically unruly - human beings will naturally try to get away with anything they can, including illegal conduct, unless social controls are imposed
nonconformist perspective
this theory contends that crime and delinquency occur when an individual’s ties to the conventional order or normative standards are weak or largely nonexistent (the socialization that usually holds one’s basic human nature in check is incomplete or faulty)
social control theory
who proposed social control theory?
travis hirschi (1969)
this theory proposes that crime and delinquency can be explained largely by deficits in self-control and self-regulation (also referred to as control theory)
general theory of crime
three ways to prevent children from becoming criminals in adulthood:
attachments
committed
involved
attachments
child grows up forming pro-social attachments with others (good role models)
committed
get the child to become committed to a pro-social goal (ex. college)
involved
commit to a goal and get involved (role model involvement, ex. community programs)
this theoretical position states that humans are born basically neutral and behaviorally a blank slate. what they become as individuals depends on their learning experiences, rather than innate predispositions
learning perspective
theory of crime that states that criminal behavior is primarily due to obtaining values or messages from others including, but not limited to those who engage in crime
-the critical factors include with whom a person associates, how early, and how personally meaningful the connections are
differential association theory
according to the differential association theory, criminal behavior is ____
learned
period between adolescence and adulthood when individuals may not have reached the psychological maturity associated with adulthood
emerging adulthood
agnew’s perspective of strain
strain is an event or condition that is disliked by individuals
criminology
the multidisciplinary study of crime
the branch of criminology that examines the demographic, group, and societal variables related to crime
sociological criminology
the branch of criminology that focuses primarily on how individual factors lead to the acquisition and maintenance of criminal and other antisocial behavior
psychological criminology
the attitudes, beliefs, values, and thoughts that people hold about the social environment, interrelations, human nature, and themselves
cognitions
ex. of a cognition that involves distortions of social reality
prejudice
this approach often focuses on aggression and violent behavior
biological/neurological approach
this approach examines the changes and influences (risk factors) across a person’s lifetime that contribute to the formation of antisocial and criminal behavior or, alternatively, that protect individuals with many risk factors in their lives
developmental approach
prosecutes crimes directed at people because of their race, religion, sexual orientation, ethnicity, disability, gender, or gender identity
hate crime statistics act of 1990
in 2016, ___% of agencies required to report bias or hate crimes said that ___ such crimes occurred in their jurisdiction
88% ; 0
where in the united states are there the most hate groups?
the south
in 2018, the southern poverty law center reported there were ____ hate groups
953
groups whose beliefs or practices attack or malign an entire class of people, such as immigrants or members of a given race, ethnicity, or sexual orientation, or gender identity
hate groups
4 ex. of risk factors
poor nutrition, the loss of a parent, early school failure, or substandard housing
protective factors
influences that provide individuals with a buffer against risk factors
ex. of protective factors
a caring adult mentor, good social skills, and RESILIENCE
relatively stable and enduring tendency to behave in a particular way across time and place (basic building blocks of personality)
trait
internal or personality determinants of human behavior
disposition
the branch of criminology that focuses on individual aspects of behavior, particularly internal forces and unconscious drives
psychiatric criminology
three ways of measuring crime:
official police reports
self-report studies
victimization studies
two types of official police reports
uniform crime reports (UCR) and national incident-based reporting systems (NIBRS)
the FBI’s system of gathering data from law enforcement agencies on the crimes that come to their attention and on arrests
uniform crime report (UCR)
the UCR consists of four data collections:
- the national incident-based reporting system (NIBRS)
- the summary reporting system (SRS)
- the law enforcement officers killed and assaulted program (LEOKA)
- the hate crime statistics program
the UCR program is the only major data source in which national data is broken down by _____
age, sex, race, and offense
crimes are divided into two major groups in the UCR
part I and part II crimes (index and non-index crimes)
part I crimes are broken up into two offenses:
violent offenses and property offenses
violent crime (part I) comprises four offenses:
murder, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault
simple assaults, forgery and counterfeiting, fraud, embezzlement, stolen property, offenses against family and children, sex offenses, drug abuse violations, gambling, and vandalism
property crimes (part II)
the UCR only lists what kind of data?
arrest data
UCR reports _____ rates
clearance rates
the proportion of reported crimes that have been “solved” through the arrest and turning over of at least one person for prosecution (also possibly through death of person about to be arrested)
clearance rate
which crime has the highest clearing rate?
murder
two problems with the UCR:
dark figure and hierarchy rule
dark figure
the number of crimes that go unreported (or crime occurs with no arrest)
how big is the dark figure?
~70-75%
hierarchy rule
only the most serious crime in a series is reported in the crime statistics
exception to the hierarchy rule
arson
this report details each single crime incident, as well as separate offenses within the same incident (victims, offenders, relationships between victims and offenders, arrestees, and property involved in crimes)
national incident-based reporting system (NIBRS)
NIBRS has two categories:
group A and group B
group A includes ____ serious offenses, such as arson, assault, homicide, fraud, embezzlement, larceny-theft, and sex offenses
46
group B includes ____ less serious offenses, such as passing bad checks, driving under the influence of alcohol, engaging in disorderly conduct, drunkenness, nonviolent family offenses, and liquor law violations
11
many researchers believe that ______ studies provide a more accurate estimate of actual offenses than do UCR or NIBRS statistics
self-report studies
self-report studies
people report their own criminal or otherwise antisocial activity to researchers
_____% of respondents admitted they had committed one or more offenses for which they might have received jail or prison sentences, with the average number of offenses for each person being 18
91%
most self-report studies focus on _____ rather than adult offending
delinquency
a self-report survey administered to high school students nationwide focusing on drug use and abuse
monitoring the future (MTF)
victimization surveys
national crime victimization survey (NCVS)
a government-sponsored survey of victims of crime, intended to collect data from the victim’s perspective on crimes both reported and not reported to police
national crime victimization survey (NCVS)
crimes committed against persons by the current or former spouses, boyfriends, or girlfriends
intimate partner violence (IPV)
intimate partner violence is committed primarily against ____
women
black women are subject to intimate partner violence at a rate ____% higher than white women and approximately ____ times higher than the rate for women of other races
35% ; 2.5
juvenile delinquency depends on ____
age; not yet reached adulthood (~16-18 years old, but varies by state)
a class of illegal behavior that only persons with certain characteristics or status can commit (used almost exclusively to refer to the behavior of juveniles)
status offenses
ex. of status offenses
running away from home, violating curfew, buying alcohol, skipping school
violent crimes account for ____% of juvenile arrests
4%
juvenile crime rate peaked in 1990 and has been ____ ever since
decreasing
about _____ of all juvenile arrests are for ____ offenses
3/4 ; part II
____ ratio male to female general delinquency
5:1
____ ratio male to female violent delinquency
9:1
gathering data on juvenile offending is more ____ than data gathering on adult crime
imperfect
in 2017, the highest numbers of arrests were for ____, ____, and ____
drug abuse offenses, driving under the influence, and larceny-theft
clinical term reserved for serious habitual behavior, especially that involving direct harm to others
antisocial behavior
juvenile delinquency depends on ____
age; not yet reached adulthood (~16-18 years old, but varies by state)
various tracks individuals follow that lead to antisocial behavior
developmental pathways
characteristics or experiences that place children at risk of antisocial or criminal activity
risk factors
3 types of risk factors:
social risk factors
parental and family risk factors
psychological risk factors
personal characteristics or experiences that can shield children and adolescents from serious antisocial behavior
protective factors
ex. of protective factor
resilience
poverty, faulty or inadequate parenting, sibling influences, and child maltreatment or abuse
ex. of family risk factors
____ is a strong predictor of adolescent violence
poverty
baumrind’s parenting skills (four styles of parenting)
authoritarian
permissive
authoritative
neglecting
intention of this parenting style is to shape and control the child’s life
authoritarian
intention of this parenting style is to control; few restrictions
permissive
this parenting style is rational; applies reasonable restrictions
authoritative
this parent is detached and unengaged in their child’s life
neglecting
ex. of family risk factor (negative correlation between divorce rates and SES)
“broken home”
____% of children in the US live in a single parent home (____% live with mother)
28% ; 88%
____’s relationship with the child and discipline is most important in terms of preventing delinquency
father’s
inadequate cognitive and language ability, lack of empathy, poor interpersonal and social skills, and behavioral disorders
ex. of psychological risk factors
psychological risk factors are more _____ based
biologically
inadequate schools, toxic environments, and natural disasters
ex. of social risk factors
this model suggests that an accumulation of risk factors and insufficient protective factors lead to antisocial and criminal activity in children and adolescents (THE NUMBER OF DIFFERENT RISK FACTORS IS IMPORTANT)
cumulative risk model
both the accumulation of risk factors and their interaction lead to criminal activity, in the absence of protective factors
dynamic cascade model
this model predicts that the greater the number of risks experienced by a child or adolescent, the greater the prevalence of mental health problems, cognitive deficits, and behavioral problems
cumulative risk model
who introduced the dynamic cascade model?
kenneth dodge and ann masten
this model underscores the INTERACTION among risk factors and their effect on outcomes over the course of development
dynamic cascade model
according to this model, a person’s developmental skills or deficits enhance, affect, or determine the next skill or deficit along a life-course trajectory (SNOWBALLING)
dynamic cascade model
true or false: males are more likely than females to become seriously violent due to biological and socialization differences
true
approximately ____% of children in the US live in families that have incomes that fall below the federal poverty line
20%
among all children under 18 in the US, ____% are low income children. another ____% are poor
41% ; 19%
which groups live disproportionately in poverty?
black, hispanic, and native american
methods employed by parents to meet some specific goal they would like to have their children achieve
parental practices
seeming non-goal-directed approaches displayed by parents, although the goals may be implicit
parental styles
overly solicitous, hovering adults who try to oversee every detail of their children’s lives, such as by excessive monitoring of their children’s activities
helicopter parents
parents who adopt a “tough love” approach - very strict and places extremely high demands on the child, particularly as they relate to academics, but also as they relate to music, artistic, or sports activities
tiger parents
parents who attain things for their children by using their influence, sometimes illegally
snowplow, lawnmower, or bulldozer parents
ex. of bulldozer parent
pressuring a teacher to change a grade or a theater director to give their child a different role
ex. of tiger parent
demanding excessive amounts of piano practice hours from their child
this parent spends an unusual amount of her or his time in activities with the child
intensive parenting
parents are encouraged to slow down and relax, even in the midst of stressful or chaotic family situations
mindful parenting
parents encourage their children to roam (within limits) in order to encourage their independence and self-reliance
free-range parenting
parental style in which the parent takes extraordinary control of the child’s life including imposing rigid rules and seeing even trivial, minor behaviors as problematic (typically results in harsh punishment, but inconsistent discipline)
enmeshed style of parenting
parental style that does not respond sufficiently to problematic or antisocial behavior in children but rather allows it to occur without disciplinary action (similar to permissive)
lax parenting style
supervision by parents of their children’s activities
parental monitoring
poor ____ is a strong risk factor for delinquency
parental monitoring
_____ siblings can serve as protective factors, such as providing their siblings with positive role models or insulating them from bullying at school
older
a theory that states infants have a strong need to establish close emotional bonds with significant others in their social environments (emotional bond determines the quality of social relationships later in life)
attachment theory
statistic of white children who have experienced the incarceration of a parent
1 in 25
statistic of black children who have experienced the incarceration of a parent
1 in 4
is early or later rejection by peers one of the strongest predictors of later involvement in antisocial behavior?
early
true or false: almost any child is susceptible to the negative influences of participating in a deviant peer group
true
true or false: antisocial peer-rejected youths seek out greater contact with similar peer-rejected and socially unskillful peers
true
true or false: peer-rejected, antisocial children are drawn to deviant groups with members similar to themselves, and this encourages and amplifies already existing antisocial tendencies
true ; current research is in favor of this perspective
recent data indicate that over ____% of children under the age of 5 in the US are in some form of day care or nonparental care on a daily basis
60%
_____ appears to set up a cascading series of events that increase the risks of behavioral, emotional, and cognitive problems
early school failure
research indicates that retention or failure to be promoted in ____ and in the early school grades has long-term detrimental effects on mental and psychological development
kindergarten
_____ entry into kindergarten does not appear to have the same effects
delaying
the capacity to recognize the thoughts and feelings of other people (related but not identical to empathy)
theory of mind
theory of mind is dubbed ____
the ability to “read” others
deficiencies in ____ have long been considered characteristic of persistently aggressive and antisocial individuals
empathy
do girls or boys usually begin showing both dimensions of empathy earlier? (beginning in the second year of life and continuing at least through adolescence)
girls
what are the two dimensions of empathy?
affective and cognitive
studies have found that a deficiency in ____ (or emotional) empathy appears to be most strongly related to violence and persistent criminal behavior
affective
some research has shown a link between lack of empathy and _____
animal cruelty
there is a strong association between animal cruelty and _____
violent behavior toward humans
____% of school shooters were often cruel to animals
43%
the perspective that human characteristics, attributes, and traits can be measured and quantified
psychometric approach
a more contemporary designation of intelligence as measured by intelligence or IQ tests (however, the term is not yet widely used in comparison with “IQ”)
psychometric intelligence (PI)
ADHD is characterized by three things:
inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity
____ is the leading psychological diagnosis for American children
ADHD
approximately ___% of children and teens in the US have been diagnosed with ADHD
9%
boys tend to outnumber girls with a ratio of ____ in terms of ADHD diagnosis
3:1
about ____% of children and adolescents diagnosed with ADHD receive medication for the disorder
93%
the ability to control one’s behavior in accordance with internal cognitive standard
self-regulation
____% of gang members are male
90%
true or false: in the US, gang members are mostly minorities
true
____% of gang members are hispanic, ____% are black, and ____% are white
49% ; 35% ; 9%
which offenses are most common for gangs?
homicides and drug-related offenses
why are males more likely to be in gangs than females?
boys are more attracted to weaponry and guns than girls
ADHD contributes to ____ of serious antisocial behavior
1/4
ADHD is comprised of ___% boys
70%
issues with ____ (associated with ADHD) can lead to distraction and early school failure
self-regulation
a diagnostic label used to identify children who demonstrate habitual misdemeanor
conduct disorder (CD)
childhood conduct disorder (must be onset before which age?)
onset before age 10
adolescent conduct disorder
onset after age 10
____ of those who exhibit conduct disorder are boys
3/4
a cluster of behaviors characterized by persistent misbehavior, including bullying, fighting, using or threatening weapon use on others, physical cruelty to people or animals, destruction of property, chronic deceitfulness, sexual assaults, and serious violations of rules
conduct disorder
this type of interpersonal style can be attributed to conduct disorder
callous unemotional
overall, between ____% and ____% of children and adolescents in the US show behavioral patterns that may be diagnosed as a conduct disorder
2% and 10%
a rare psychological diagnosis in which a child has difficulty controlling behavior and emotions
oppositional defiant disorder
conduct disorders and oppositional defiant disorder are often classified as ____
disruptive behavior disorders (DBD)
Oppositional defiant disorder represents problems in self-control of ____ and ____ whereas conduct disorder represents more problems in control of ____
emotions and behavior ; behavior
angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior, and vindictiveness are characteristic of ____
oppositional defiant disorder
some kind of attachment disorder, biological predisposition
oppositional defiant disorder
age requirement for antisocial personality disorder
must be at 18, but showed conduct disorder before 15
psychologists who study the biological aspects of behavior to determine which genetic and neurobiological variables play a part, and to what extent
biopsychologists
examine the genetic and neuropsychological variables that play a part in criminal behavior
biopsychologists
the ability to control one’s behavior in accordance with internal cognitive standards
self-regulated
although genetics and biological factors may play some role in criminality, the most important determinant of criminal behavior is _____
the social environment
higher-order mental abilities involved in goal-directed behavior
executive function
4 components of executive function:
organizing behavior
memory
inhibition processes
planning strategies
higher levels of cognitive processes that organize and plan behavior, execute goals, and appropriately manage risk
executive function
executive function is neurologically based and its development depends on growth within the ____
prefrontal cortex
the ____ is often referred to as the primary executive area
prefrontal cortex
can result from moderate to severe malnutrition, exposure to environmental neurotoxins, brain injury, and prenatal exposure to drugs, nicotine, and alcohol
executive function deficits
the ability to stay focused on a task and to shift focus when necessary
attention
the ability to suppress impulsive behavior that is goal incompatible
response inhibition
there is a significant relationship between deficits in executive functions and ____
antisocial behavior
the ability of the brain to change and develop new neural connections throughout life
neuroplasticity
the brains in children and adolescents have ____ neuroplasticity, whereas the adult brain has ____ plasticity with increasing age, but still has the ability to change and grow
enormous; less
this form of therapy focuses on facilitating change in one’s cognitions and presumably changes in behaviors
cognitive-behavior therapy
mode deactivation theory (MDT)
a form of cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT)
who is MDT intended for?
children with comorbidity who were also resistant to alternative forms of treatment (those who have symptoms of two or more mental health problems)
what does MDT hypothesize?
the externalizing diorders displayed by adolescents are a function of their internalizing disorders (WHEN THEY ARE ANTISOCIAL OR COMMIT CRIMES, THEY DO SO BECAUSE THEY ARE TROUBLED)
examines thee role genes play in the formation and development of behavior (distinguishes genetic from environmental influences)
behavior genetics
studies the structure and function of genes at the molecular level
molecular genetics
branch of biology that investigates the relationship between genes and the environment in determining individual difference in behavior
behavior genetics
monozygotic twins (MZ)
identical twins
dizygotic twins (DZ)
fraternal twins
twins who develop from a single egg and share the same genes; also called monozygotic twins
identical twins
twins who develop from two different fertilized eggs; also called dizygotic twins
fraternal twins
monozygotic twins share ____% of their genes
100%
dizygotic twins share ____% of their genes
50% (similar to other siblings)
the outer membrane enclosing the embryo
chorion
____ of monozygotic twins are monochorionic (share the same chorion)
2/3
____ of monozygotic twins are dichorionic (two different chorions)
1/3 ; some identical twins develop in slightly different prenatal environments, which may contribute to some individual differences that may emerge as the twins develop into maturity
genes influence approximately ____% of the population variation in antisocial behavior
50%
an important concept in twin studies that refers to the prenatal and life experiences that are common to both twins
shared environment
ex. of shared environment
being raised by the same biological parents, prenatal environment, home
an important concept in twin studies that refers to the living experiences that are different for each twin
nonshared evironments
ex. of nonshared environments
being raised by different parents, interests/hobbies
____% - ____% of variation in antisocial behavior is attributed to shared environment
15% - 20%
____% of variation in antisocial behavior is attributed to nonshared environment
30%
a term used in genetics to represent the degree to which related pairs of subjects both show a particular behavior or condition (usually expressed in percentages)
concordance
concordance resemblance rates are ____% for MZ twins and ____% for DZ twins
51.5% ; 20.6%
Ongoing study of twins examining behavior and cognitions from early childhood through adolescence
Twins’ Early Development Study (TEDS)
kids who are given up for adoption are more likely to have biological mothers who are ____ SES
low
adoption studies support the idea of a ____ component of crime
genetic
combination of ____ factors and ____ factors exert the greatest influence
genetic and environmental
adopted boys are more likely to resemble their ____ when it comes to criminality
biological father
gene that is believed to play an instrumental role in antisocial behavior, either preventing it, or in low form, contributing to such behavior
MAOA and MAOA-L gene
the study of the dynamic interactions between behavior and the autonomic nervous system
psychophysiology
the subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that regulates involuntary functions, such as heartbeat, blood pressure, breathing, and digestion
autonomic nervous system (ANS)
autonomic arousal theory of crime hypothesizes that chronic offenders exhibit ___
chronic low levels of arousal of the ANS
fear builds morality through ____
socialization
these people have a low fear response
risk-takers
part of the brain that regulates fear and other emotional responses
amygdala
this part of the brain is crucially related to psychopathy and to the callous-unemotional traits that are often associated with people who engage in chronic antisocial activity
amygdala
psychopaths have an ____% reduction in size of the amygdala
18%
____ to the amygdala increases aggression, whereas ____ activates aggression
damage; electrical stimulation
two behaviors influenced by the amygdala:
aggression and fear response
a natural mood or disposition determined largely by genetic and biological influences
temperament
____ is more influenced by environment
personality
this child is characterized by high rhythmicity, positive moods, high approachability, high adaptability, and low intensity of mood expression
easy child
this child shows the opposite patterns of the easy child
difficult child
this child displays high activity, withdrawal from new stimuli and people, low adaptability, negative mood, and low intensity
slow to warm up child
broad spectrum term for a continuum of conditions that result from alcohol exposure in utero
fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)
neurocognitive dysfunction which predisposes individuals to antisocial behavior and violence
neurotoxins
what age of children are most vulnerable to neurotoxins?
the fetus and children less than 2 years of age
4 ex. of neurotoxins
lead (in paint and water)
cadmium
manganese
mercury
____ act as protective factors against neurotoxins
micronutrients
4 ex. of micronutrient trace elements
iron
zinc
calcium
selenium
high levels of ____ in the body have been linked to violent behavior
cadmium
3 primary ways in which cadmium enters the body
- maternal smoking during pregnancy
- postnatal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke
- exposure to smoke and particles from the burning of fossil fuels and the incineration of municipal and industrial waste
excessive exposure to ____ has been linked to poor attention, poor impulse control, and other neurological defects
manganese
excessive exposure to ____ may lead to aggression and violence
cadmium
exposure to ____ is associated with a variety of behavioral problems including ADHD, distractability, poor organization skills, and violence
lead
at high doses, ____ appears to damage wide areas of brain functioning
mercury
the evidence for the relationship between maternal smoking during pregnancy and antisocial behavior in children is quite strong for ____ but weak for ____
boys; girls
injury to the brain occurring either in utero, during birth, or at any time in a person’s life and having a significant effect on functioning (sometimes used as an excusing or mitigating condition for violent behavior)
traumatic brain injury (TBI)
approximately ____% of the incarcerated population in the US is believed to have some evidence of TBI in their background
60%
some researchers suggest that as many as ____% of offenders meet the criteria for having incurred a TBI at some point
82%
the offending TBI link is especially strong if the brain dysfunction is located in the ____
frontal lobe
_____ committed by professional athletes might be explained (in part) by concussions experienced in the past
domestic violence
biochemicals directly involved in the transmission of neural impulses and without which communication would not be possible
neurotransmitter
a neurotransmitter in the nervous system that usually prompts the activity of neurons
serotonin
____ may play the most significant role in aggression and violence
serotonin
key modulator of emotional behavior and emotional regulation
serotonin
serotonin exists in large amounts in the ____
frontal lobe
three functions of the hypothalamus:
regulate aggression
regulate ANS (fight or flight)
sexual motivation
this part of the brain regulates behavior and emotion
prefrontal cotrex
lack of functioning in this part of the brain in a murderer
prefrontal cortex
reduction of volume in this part of the brain in people with antisocial personality disorder
prefrontal cortex
italian physician and father of modern criminality
cesare lombroso
subtle, abnormal, morphological features, such as deviations in morphology of the head, eyes, ears, mouth, hands, and feet
minor physical anomalies (MPAs)
polygenetic-environmental explanation
genes play a role, but not in isolation (environment matters)
physical traits indicative of abnormality that developed during fetal development
minor physical anomalies (MPAs)
____ number of MPAs = ____ risk for criminal behavior
increased; increased
____ number of MPAs = ____ risk for criminal behavior
increased; increased
brain damage does not have uniform behavioral consequences (hyperactivity, areas connected to low frustration tolerance and impulse control)
minimal brain dysfunction (MBD)
