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PTA 204 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 major divisions of the nervous system?

A

-Central Nervous System (CNS)
-Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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2
Q

What are the components of the CNS?

A

-Brain
-Cortex
-Cerebellum
-Brain Stem
-Spinal Cord

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3
Q

What is the function of the CNS?

A

Information integration

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4
Q

What are the components of the PNS?

A

-Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
-Somatic Nervous System
-Cranial Nerves
-Spinal Nerves

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5
Q

What is the primary function of the Somatic Nervous System?

A

Conscious reactions to external stimuli
-by way of cranial and spinal nerves

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6
Q

What is the primary function of the Autonomic Nervous System?

A

To maintain homeostasis
-by way of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

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7
Q

What is the function of the Sympathetic Nervous system?

A

-Fight or Flight Response (Freak out response)
-Helps the body effectively respond to stressful circumstances

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8
Q

What is the function of the Parasympathetic Nervous System?

A

-Rest and digest response (Chill the heck out response)
-Helps the body chill out to function properly under normal circumstances

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9
Q

What are the 2 Cell types in the Nervous System?

A

-Neuron
-Neuroglia

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10
Q

What is the function of a neuron?

A

Communication

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11
Q

What is the function of a Neuroglia?

A

To support neuron function and survival (through diverse methods)

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12
Q

What are the components of a Neuron?

A

-The Dendrite: receiving pole
-The Cell Body: “command center” of a neuron
-The Axon: transmission of impulses

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13
Q

What is the difference between Unipolar, Bipolar, and Multipolar Neurons?

A

The number of Dendrites the Neuron has:
-Unipolar: No dendrites (as seen in sensory neurons)
-Bipolar: One dendrite (as seen in olfactory epithelium and the retina)
-Multipolar: Multiple dendrites (most common type of neuron)

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14
Q

What are the Sub-types of Neurons?

A

-Afferent (Sensory): Sends info from the periphery up to the brain
-Efferent (Motor): Sends info from the brain down to the periphery
-Interneuron: Communication between neurons

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15
Q

What are the types of Neuroglia?

A

-Oligodendrocytes: precursor to myelin in the CNS
-Schwann Cells: precursor to myelin in the PNS
-Have properties that aid in cell regeneration
-Unless cell body dies

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16
Q

What is Myelin and what is its function?

A

-It’s a cellular sheath of lipid material wrapped around an axon
-It insulated axons
-It increases conduction velocity of an impulse
-The bigger the bundles of myelin, the faster the impulse

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17
Q

Explain the Basic Neurophysiology Concepts?

A
  1. You start with a Resting Membrane Potential
  2. A stimulus applied to a cell body results in Depolarization
    2a. If the only partial Depolarization, this will result in Repolarization (restoration back to Resting Membrane Potential)
    2b. If full Depolarization, this will result in stimulus reaching the Threshold
  3. Once Threshold is reached, an Action Potential is created, and an impulse is fired down the axon
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18
Q

What are the types of Summation and what do they mean?

A

-Spatial Summation: a greater NUMBER of stimuli coming into a cell membrane increases the odds for the formation of an action potential
-Temporal Summation: The TIMING of the stimulation at the receptor site can increase the probability of action potential formation

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19
Q

The Afferent system is made up of 2 types of sensations. What are they called and what is the difference between them?

A

-Primary Sensation:
-Superficial Sensory Receptors: Touch
-Deep Sensory Receptors/Proprioception: Position sense, Movement sense (kinesthesia), vibration
-Secondary Sensation: Provides meaning to primary sensation
-e.g. stereognosis (the ability to perceive the object you are touching without looking), graphesthesia (the ability to perceive what is being written on your skin without looking), 2-point localization, baresthesia (the ability to distinguish weight without looking)

In other words: Primary sensations are very basic (e.g. touch, pressure, and movement); Secondary sensations take it a step further by providing meaning the primary sensations

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20
Q

Which type of receptors are the Fastest Processing?

A

Proprioreceptors

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21
Q

Definition: There is an increase in awareness of a sensation when a stimulus is applied (relates to impulse firing) that may “wear off” as that stimulation continues.

A

Sensory Habituation/Adaptation

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22
Q

What are the 2 types of Efferent System Neurons and what is their function?

A

-Upper Motor Neurons: Send impulses from the Brain down to the Lower Motor Neurons located in the Spinal Cord
-Lower Motor Neurons: Send impulses from the Spinal Cord to the muscles or glands

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23
Q

What are the Types of Lower Motor Neurons and what are their functions?

A

-Alpha Motor Neurons: Innervate Extrafusal Muscle Fibers to contract muscle
-Phasic (Fast twitch fibers which are superficial)
-Tonic (Slow twitch fibers which are deep)
-Gamma Motor Neurons: Innervate Intrafusal Muscle Fibers to contract muscle (Stretch Reflex)

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24
Q

What is the Simple Reflex Arc?

A

Afferent Neuron > Interneuron > Efferent Neuron

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25
Q

Definition: Built-in neural circuits that produce stereotyped movement responses.

A

Reflex

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26
Q

What is the term used to describe Pre-natal Development?

A

Ontogenesis

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27
Q

What are the 3 phases of Pre-natal Development and when do they occur?

A

-Germinal Phase: Conception- 3 wks gestation
-Embryonic Phase: 3 wks gestation- 8 wks gestation
-Fetal Phase: 8 wks gestation- 38/40 wks gestation

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28
Q

What happens in the Germinal Phase of Pre-natal Development?

A

Rapid cellular division (mitosis) into 3 layers
-Endoderm (inner layer): precursor to internal organs, lining of viscera
-Mesoderm (middle layer): bone, cartilage, blood, muscle, connective tissue
-Ectoderm (outer layer): nervous system, skin

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29
Q

Definition: Development of the neural tube (which is the precursor to the brain and SC)

A

Neurulation

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30
Q

What happens in the Embryonic Phase of Pre-Natal Development?

A

Major growth and differentiation of major body systems and organs (cells receive their designations or specific jobs)
-In nervous system, cellular proliferation and migration

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31
Q

What happens in the Fetal Phase of Pre-Natal Development?

A

Rapid growth and change in body form

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32
Q

Definition: Formation of chemically mediated synapses

A

Synaptogenesis

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33
Q

When does Synaptogenesis occur?

A

-After the process of Neurulation
-Approx. 6 wks gestation- well after birth

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34
Q

What is Myelinization and when does it occur?

A

-The formation of myelin around an axon (for coordination)
-Begins at 20-30 wks gestation and continues to approx. 10 years

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35
Q

In which direction does Myelinization occur?

A

-Caudal (from the tail) to Rostral (from the nose)
-Distal to Proximal

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36
Q

In which direction do reflexes develop?

A

Caudal (from the tail) to Cephalic (from the head)

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37
Q

Characteristics of?:
-Present at birth (full term) or early infancy
-Automatic, stereotyped responses to sensory stimuli
-Function to meet survival needs of infant
-Become integrated as more mature movement patterns develop
-Are considered Spinal Level Reflexes

A

Primitive Reflexes

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38
Q

Which type of Reflex?
-stroke cheek and head turns toward stimulus with mouth open stimulating a suck reflex

A

Rooting Reflex (Primitive)

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39
Q

When in the Rooting Reflex integrated?

A

0-3 months

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40
Q

Which type of Reflex?
-Extension of the head produces total body extension, followed by flexion.

A

Moro Reflex (Primitive)

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41
Q

When is the Moro Reflex Integrated?

A

-4-6 months

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42
Q

Which type of Reflex?
-Stroke the palm elicits grasp
-Pressure to the sole of the foot elicits flexion of toes

A

Palmar/Plantar Grasp Reflex (Primitive)

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43
Q

When is the Palmar/Plantar Grasp Reflex Integrated?

A

About 9 months

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44
Q

Which type of Reflex?
-Stroke the sole of the foot to elicit fanning of the toes

A

Babinski Reflex (Primitive)

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45
Q

When is the Babinski Reflex Integrated?

A

Around 9 months

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46
Q

Which type of Reflex?
-Tactile pressure to sole of foot, legs extend to support the body

A

Positive Support (Primitive)

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47
Q

When is the Positive Support reflex integrated?

A

2-6 months

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48
Q

Which type of reflex?
-Feet contacting a surface will elicit step-like movements in the legs

A

Primitive Walking (Primitive)

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49
Q

When is the Primitive Walking reflex integrated?

A

About 2 months

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50
Q

Which type of Reflex?
-Noxious stimuli to the foot will result in withdrawal from stimulus
-Contralateral limb will extend

A

Flexor Withdrawal/Crossed Extension (Primitive)

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51
Q

Definition: Group of automatic responses to attain and maintain an upright posture.

A

Postural Reflexes

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52
Q

Which Neural Level are Tonic Reflexes?

A

Brainstem

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53
Q

Which type of Reflex?
-Elicited by joint receptors in the neck
-Cervical rotation elicits ipsilateral UE extension, contralateral UE flexion

A

ATNR

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54
Q

Which type of Reflex?
-Elicited by joint receptors in the neck
-Cervical flexion elicits UE flexion, LE extension
-Cervical extension elicits UE extension, LE flexion

A

STNR

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55
Q

Which type of Reflex?
-Elicited by utricule stimulation from gravity
-Supine position stimulates extensor tone
-Prone position stimulates flexor tone

A

Tonic Lab

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56
Q

Which Neural Level are Righting Reactions?

A

Mid-Brain

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57
Q

Which type of Reflexes help to produce Tone?

A

Tonic Reflexes

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58
Q

Which type of Reflexes help to regain orientation, alignment of body parts?

A

Righting Reactions

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59
Q

Which type of Reflex?
-Helps to orient the head in line with gravity
-Elicited through utricle stimulation from gravity

A

Labyrinthine Righting (LRR)

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60
Q

Which type of Reflex?
-Uses visual input to align head
-Elicited through vision receptors

A

Optical Righting

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61
Q

Which type of Reflex?
-Assists with realigning head position when the body moves
-Elicited through joint receptors in the neck

A

Neck Righting

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62
Q

Which type of Reflex?
-As the head moves, the body will re-align itself
-Elicited by joint and touch receptors

A

Body on Head Righting

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63
Q

Which type of Reflex?
-As the upper or lower body move, the other half of the body will follow
-Elicited by touch receptors
-Related to asymmetrical touch on the body producing rotation

A

Body on Body Righting

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64
Q

Which type of Reflexes are the most mature postural responses, and develop to the front first, side second, and back last?

A

Equilibrium and Protective Response

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65
Q

Which Neural Level are Equilibrium and Protective Responses?

A

Cortical

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66
Q

Which type of Reflex?
-Elicited by rapid displacement of the body
-Response elicited by stimulation to semicircular canals
-Body will protect itself by reaching in the direction of displacement

A

Protective Response

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67
Q

Which type of Reflex?
-Adaptation of body segments to change of position by realigning body segments over the base of support
-Response elicited by stimulation to semi-circular canals

A

Equilibrium Response

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68
Q

In which order do the Neural Level of Reflexes develop?

A
  1. Spinal Cord
  2. Brainstem
  3. Mid-Brain
  4. Cortical
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69
Q

In which order do Reflex Types develop?

A
  1. Primitive
  2. Tonic
  3. Righting
  4. Equilibrium and Protective
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70
Q

In which order do Motor Stages Develop?

A
  1. Prone
  2. Supine
  3. Quadruped/Sitting
  4. Standing
  5. Walking
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71
Q

What structures are included in White Matter?

A

Myelinated structures (aka: axons, fibers)

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72
Q

What structures are included in Gray Matter?

A

Cell bodies and Dendrites

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73
Q

What are the 3 types of Fibers (axons) and what do they do?

A

-Commissural: left to right
-They communicate between hemispheres
-Association: within a specific area
-They associate between different lobes within a hemisphere
-Projectile: ascending/descending
-They are located in the spinal cord

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74
Q

What are Tracts in terms of fibers/axons?

A

Bundles of axons

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75
Q

What are Meninges?

A

Membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord

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76
Q

What are the 3 Meningeal Layers and where are they located?

A

-Dura Mater: closest to bone
-Arachnoid Mater: middle membrane
-Pia Mater: closest to neural tissue

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77
Q

Where is the Sub-Arachnoid space located?

A

Between the Arachnoid and Pia Mater

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78
Q

What is the Outermost Layer of the Brain?

A

The Cortex

79
Q

Describe the Cortex

A

-Integrates highest mental function
-75% of all neuronal cells live here
-Consists of 2 hemispheres and 4 lobes per hemisphere
-Sulci: Depressions
-Gyri: Hills

80
Q

Which lobe houses the Primary and Pre-motor Cortex, is dedicated to Speech, and Behavioral patterns such as judgment, attention, awareness, mood, and aggression?

A

The Frontal Lobe

81
Q

What is the specific part of the brain dedicated to Speech called?

A

Broca Area

82
Q

Primary Vs. Secondary Modor Cortex Functions

A

-Primary: Controls single joint movement on the opposite side of the body
-Simply sends a motor impulse from the part of the cortex designated to a specific body part to that body part
-Secondary: Controls gross movement patterns involving multiple joints
-This cortex does the planning fine tuning of the desired movement

83
Q

Which lobe houses the Sensory Cortex and Association Cortex?

A

The Parietal Lobe

84
Q

Primary Vs. Secondary Sensory Cortex

A

-Primary: Receives impulses of touch, pressure, proprioception, kinesthesia…
-Secondary: Gives perception to those things, as well as senses pain

85
Q

Which lobe houses the Primary Auditory Cortex, and is dedicated to receiving/understanding language, and memory,

A

The Temporal Lobe

86
Q

Which specific part of the brain is dedicated to receiving/understanding language?

A

Wernicke’s Area

87
Q

Which lobe houses the Primary Visual Cortex?

A

The Occipital Lobe

88
Q

At what part of the brain do the Right and Left Hemispheres communicate?

A

The Corpus Callosum

89
Q

Which Hemisphere?
-Houses language center
-Analytical thinking
-Linear Processing
-Quantitative functions

A

Left Hemisphere

90
Q

Which Hemisphere?
-Non-verbal language
-Spatial Orientation
-Body awareness
-Simultaneous processing
-Qualitative functions
-Creative processes

A

Right Hemisphere

91
Q

Where are structures such as the limbic cortex, basal ganglia, thalamus, hypothalamus, and internal capsule located?

A

The Cerebrum

92
Q

What is the Function of the Limbic Cortex?

A

M: senses the need to Move, and Memory
O: Olfaction (smell)
V: Visceral
E: Emotion

93
Q

Is the Basal Ganglia primarily a Facilitory or Inhibitory structure?

A

Inhibitory

94
Q

What is the Function of the Basal Ganglia?

A

-Initiation of voluntary movement
-Regulation of posture, tone, and voluntary/automatic movement
-Motor planning

95
Q

What is the function of the Thalamus?

A

-Receives most sensory inputs
-Routes raw senses for perception
-Receives and routes pain

96
Q

What is the Function of the Hypothalamus?

A

Regulation of Internal Homeostasis

97
Q

Is the Cerebellum Facilitory or Inhibitory in nature?

A

Facilitory

98
Q

What is the Function of the Cerebellum?

A

-Timing and Force production of Movement
-Controls end position of movement
-Makes reflexive corrections
-Helps with balance (via proprioception)

99
Q

What is a Feedback Loop in terms of the CNS

A

A system which uses the cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum, thalamus, limbic cortex, and areas of the brainstem to maintain homeostasis. (via positive and negative feedback)

100
Q

What are the parts of the Brainstem?

A

-Midbrain
-Pons
-Medulla Oblongata

101
Q

What is the Function of the Midbrain?

A

-Responsible for vestibular hearing/seeing via the Corpus Quadrigemina
-Responsible for tone

102
Q

What specific part of the brain is responsible for Tone?

A

The Red Nucleus

103
Q

What is the function of the Pons?

A

It is a bridge connecting the 2 sides of the Cerebellum and Brainstem

104
Q

What is the Function of the Medulla Oblongata?

A

It contains:
-Cranial nerve nuclei
-Reticular formation
-Central vestibular system
-Decussation of pyramids

105
Q

What is the Function of the Brainstem?

A

-Controls respiration
-Controls cardio-vascular system
-Controls gastro-intestinal system
-Controls equilibrium
-Controls eye movement
-Maintains postural tone

106
Q

What is the Function of the Vestibular System?

A

-Stabilize eyes
-Maintain postural stability
-Provide info for spatial orientation

107
Q

Where is the Peripheral Vestibular System located, what does it include, and what is it’s function?

A

-Located in the Inner Ear
-Otolith System (Utricle, Saccule): provide info regarding head position, linear acceleration/deceleration
-Semi-Circular Canals: provides info regarding body movement and angular acceleration/deceleration

108
Q

Where is the Central Vestibular System located, what does it include, and what is it’s function?

A

-Located at the brainstem
-Includes 2 vestibular nuclei
-It has vast connections with the cerebellum, visual pathways, and motor pathways

109
Q

What does the Reticular Formation contain and what does it do?

A

The Reticular Activating System (RAS)
-This controls arousal, consciousness, respiration, and states of sleep

110
Q

The term used when everything above the brainstem is shut off, resulting in extension of the UEs and LEs

A

De-cerebrate Rigidity

111
Q

The term used when the cortex is shut off, resulting in extension of the LEs and flexion of the UEs

A

De-corticate Rigidity

112
Q

What is the Function of Cerebro-Spinal Fluid?

A

Provides nutrients and cushion to the brain

113
Q

Describe the flow of Cerebro-Spinal Fluid

A

Lateral Ventricles > 3rd Ventricle > 4th Ventricle > Spinal Canal and Sub-Arachnoid Space

114
Q

Which Artery supplies blood to the frontal and parietal lobes (area of the brain which controls the LEs)?

A

Anterior Cerebral Artery

115
Q

Which Artery supplies blood to the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes (area of the brain which controls the UEs and face)?

A

The Middle Cerebral Artery

116
Q

Which Artery supplies blood to the occipital lobe, inferior and inner temporal lobe, brainstem, and cerebellum?

A

The Posterior Cerebral Artery

117
Q

Which Artery supplies blood to the brainstem and Spinal Cord?

A

The Basilar/Vertebral

118
Q

What are the small, non-communicating arteries located at the ends of main cerebral arteries called and what are they prone to?

A

Lacunar Arteries
-They are prone to HTN

119
Q

Reflex Vs. Feedback Loop

A

-Reflex: involuntary movement in response to a stimulus
-Feedback Loop: voluntary movement in response to a stimulus which can be altered by feedback
-Closed Loop: the person perceives feedback during the task to make proper alterations in order to finish the task
-Open Loop: the person quickly accomplishes the task and receives feedback after the task is done to correct any errors for the next time (muscle memory)

120
Q

Where does the Spinal Cord start and stop?

A

It starts at the Foramen Magnum and stops at Lumbar Vertebrae 2

121
Q

How many Spinal Levels are in each section of the spine?

A

Cervical: 8
Thoracic: 12
Lumbar: 5
Sacral: 5
Coccygeal: 1

122
Q

What is the name of the portion of the Spinal Cord which passes the vertebrae?

A

Cauda Equina

123
Q

What are the 3 Spinal Meningeal Layers?

A

-Dura Mater: closest to bone
-Arachnoid Mater: middle layer
-Pia Mater: closest to neural tissue

124
Q

What is the Spinal Cord anchored by at the sides?

A

Dentate Ligaments

125
Q

How many Tracts does White Matter have and what are they called?

A

3
-Anterior
-Posterior
-Lateral

126
Q

How many Zones does Gray Matter have and what are they called?

A

4
-Anterior
-Posterior
-Intermediate
-Lateral

127
Q

What part of the spinal cord does the Anterior Spinal Artery supply blood to?

A

Anterior 2/3

128
Q

What part of the spinal cord does the Posterior Spinal Artery supply blood to?

A

Posterior 1/3

129
Q

What kind of Tract is the Medial Lemniscal Pathway (Dorsal Collumn), where does it cross, and which signals does it carry?

A

-Ascending
-Crosses at the medulla (brainstem level)
-Carries touch, proprioception, vibration, pressure, and kinesthesia from opposite side of the body

130
Q

What kind of Tract is the Spinothalamic Tract, where does it cross, and which signals does it carry?

A

-Ascending
-Crosses at the spinal cord level
-Carries information regarding pain and temperature

131
Q

What kind of Tract is the Spinocerebellar Tract, where does it cross, and which signals does it carry?

A

-Ascending
-Both crossed and uncrossed pathways at the spinal cord level
-Carries information regarding muscle and joint sense

132
Q

What are the 2 Types of Descending spinal cord Tracts and what is the difference between them?

A

-Pyramidal
-descends directly from the primary cortex to the Lower Motor Neurons
-Facilitatory influence on LMN
-Extrapyramidal
-descends via interneurons to the Lower Motor Neurons
-modifies operations of the pyramidal tracts
-helps to refine movement
-either a + or - effect on the LMN

133
Q

What type of Tract is the Corticospinal Tract, and where does it cross, and where does it end?

A

-A descending pyramidal tract
-Crosses at the Decussation of Pyramids
-Ends at the Anterior Horn of the SC

134
Q

What type of Tract is the Corticobulbar Tract, and where does it end?

A

-A descending pyramidal tract
-Ends at the cranial nerves

135
Q

What does loss of Afferent Somatic Nerves result in?

A

Anesthesia

136
Q

What does Anesthesia stand for?

A

Loss of sensation

137
Q

What does Analgesia stand for?

A

Loss of pain

138
Q

What does loss of Efferent Somatic Nerves result in?

A

Paralysis

139
Q

What is Paresis?

A

Partial paralysis

140
Q

What does loss of Autonomic Nerves result in?

A

Trophic lesions: dryness, loss of hair, ulcerations

141
Q

Where are the Cranial Nerve cell bodies primarily located?

A

The brainstem

142
Q

What are the cranial nerves and what does each one do?

A

Oh: Olfactory (sensory) (smell)
Oh: Optic (sensory) (vision)
Oh: Olfactory (motor, autonomic) (moves the eyes up, up/out, middle, down) (pupillary dilation/constriction for distance/light)
To: Trochlear (motor) (moves eyes down/out)
Touch: Trigeminal (motor, sensory) (mastication) (senses of face)
And: Abducens (motor) (moves eyes laterally)
Feel: Facial (motor, sensory, ANS) (moves face) (taste/ant. 2/3 of tongue) (secretions of nose/mouth)
A: Auditory/vestibulocochlear (sensory) (hearing/equilibrium/spacial orientation)
Girl’s: Glossopharyngeal (motor/sensory) (muscles for swallowing) (taste/post. 1/3 of tongue)
Vagina: Vagus (ANS) (motor control to heart/blood vessels, phonation to larynx)
Ah: spinal Accessory (motor) (moves traps/SCM)
Heaven: Hypoglossal (motor) (moves intrinsics of tongue

143
Q

What does damage to the Optic Nerve result in?

A

Total blindness

144
Q

What is the term for impaired peripheral vision due to damage to the optic chiasma?

A

Bi-temporal Hemianopsia

145
Q

What is the term for impaired central vision due to damage to the retina?

A

Nasal Hemianopsia

146
Q

What is the term for impairment in the Left or Right side of Both eyes due to damage to an entire hemisphere (which can happen with a stroke)?

A

Homononamous Hemianopsia

147
Q

What is the Direct Light Reflex?

A

Pupils will automatically dilate when a light is shined on them

148
Q

What is the Consensual Light Reflex?

A

When a light is shined on one light, both pupils will dilate

149
Q

Which Cranial Nerves provide motor control to the Eyes?

A

Cranial Nerves 3,4,6

150
Q

What is the Vestibular-Ocular Reflex (VOR)?

A

-Helps to stabilize the eyes during movement
-Eyes reflexively move in opposite direction of movement

151
Q

What is the term used for when your eyes move side to side after a lot of spinning?

A

Nystagmus

152
Q

What is the term used for voluntary rapid movement of the eyes from one object to another?

A

Saccades

153
Q

What is the term used for voluntary suppression of the Vestibular-Ocular Reflex?

A

VOR Suppression

154
Q

How is hearing, in terms of Cranial Nerve 8, Stimulated?

A

Sound waves

155
Q

How is equilibrium/spacial orientation, in terms of Cranial Nerve 8, Stimulated?

A

Gravity

156
Q

Which reflex is the Glossopharyngeal Nerve responsible for?

A

The Gag Reflex

157
Q

Does the Corticobulbar Tract carry Upper or Lower Motor Neurons?

A

Upper

158
Q

What are clusters of cell bodies associated with the ANS called?

A

Autonomic Ganglion

159
Q

Which type of Neuron starts at cell bodies in the CNS and ends at an Autonomic Ganglion?

A

Pre-ganglionic Neuron

160
Q

Which type of Neuron starts at an Autonomic Ganglion and ends at a muscle/organ?

A

Post/ganglionic Neuron

161
Q

Where are the Autonomic Ganglion of the Sympathetic System housed?

A

The Sympathetic Chain which is parallel to the spinal cord

162
Q

Where from and to does the Sympathetic chain run?

A

T1-L2

163
Q

What length are the Pre and Post ganglionic Neurons of the Sympathetic System?

A

-Pre: short
-Post: long

164
Q

What is the Neurotransmitter for the Sympathetic nervous system?

A

Noradrenalin

165
Q

Where are the Autonomic Ganglion of the Parasympathetic nervous system housed?

A

Next to the effector site

166
Q

What length are the Pre and Post ganglionic Neurons of the Parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Pre: long
Post: short

167
Q

What is the Neurotransmitter for the Parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Acetylcholine

168
Q

What is the main response of the Sympathetic System?

A

Provides blood flow to the extremities

169
Q

What is the main response of the Parasympathetic System?

A

Provides blood flow to the viscera

170
Q

Where are Muscle Spindles located?

A

Extrafusal muscle fibers

171
Q

How are Muscle Spindles stimulated?

A

Via stretch
-either passively or via contraction of IF fibers

172
Q

What are the steps to the Stretch Reflex?

A
  1. Passive stretch to extrafusal fibers
  2. Firing of afferent neurons
  3. Synapse with Alpha Motor Neuron
  4. Contraction of Extrafusal fibers
173
Q

What is the function of the Gamma Loop?

A

It “sets” the muscle for action

174
Q

What are the steps to Autogenic Facilitation?

A
  1. Supraspinal input
  2. Excitation of Gamma motor neurons
  3. Contraction of Intrafusal Fibers
    (this sets of stretch reflex)
  4. step 3 produces a stretch of extrafusal fibers which fires a sensory impulse
  5. Synapse with Alpha Motor neuron
  6. Contraction of Extrafusal fibers
175
Q

Term for: When a muscle is facilitated, synergistic muscle groups are also facilitated via an interneuron

A

Synergistic Innervation

176
Q

Term for: An inhibitory interneuron is sent to antagonist muscles

A

Reciprocal Inhibition

177
Q

What carries information regarding the amount of tension in a muscle and the rate of tension development in a muscle?

A

Golgi Tendon Organ (GTO)

178
Q

Where are GTO’s housed?

A

Musculo-tendon junctions

179
Q

What are GTO’s stimulated by?

A

-Passive Stretch
-Muscle Contraction

180
Q

What is the term used for a protective mechanism used to avoid overloading a muscle?

A

Autogenic Inhibition

181
Q

What are the steps to Autogenic Inhibition?

A
  1. Gamma Motor Loop takes place
  2. Stimulation of GTO
  3. Inhibition of Alpha Motor Neuron
182
Q

What provides information regarding static and dynamic positions of joints?

A

Joint Receptors

183
Q

What is Joint Approximation and what does it do to muscles?

A

-Pushing joint surfaces together
-Facilitates contraction of muscles surrounding the joint

184
Q

What is Joint Traction and what does it do to muscles?

A

-Pulling apart of joint surfaces
-Inhibits contraction of muscles surrounding the joint

185
Q

What is included in the Otolith System and what does it do?

A

-The Saccule and Utricle
-Carries info regarding head position

186
Q

What kind of info do the Semi-Circular Canals carry?

A

Angular acceleration/deceleration of movement

187
Q

In what order are the 3 phases of Pre-Natal Development?

A
  1. Germinal
  2. Embryonic
  3. Fetal
188
Q

During the Germinal Phase of Pre-Natal Development, which cellular layer forms into the nervous system?

A

The Ectoderm

189
Q

Which part of the brain houses the Language Center?

A

The Left Hemisphere

190
Q

Which part of the brain helps with balance, especially without vision?

A

The Cerebellum

191
Q

Which part of the brain controls Equilibrium?

A

The Brainstem

192
Q

Which part of the brain controls Eye Movements?

A

The Brainstem

193
Q

Which part of the brain Maintains Posture?

A

The Brainstem

PTA 204 (4 decks)

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