Exam 1 Flashcards
Adverse Effects
More debilitating side effects, usually more
harmful than a side effect.
Agonist
drugs that bind to specific receptors and
produce drug action
Antagonist
drug that binds to a specific receptor and has no effect or blocks a drug action from occurring
Anticholinesterase
drugs that prolong the existence of acetylcholine after it is released from cholinergic nerve endings by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase
Bioavailability
The ability of a drug or other substance to be absorbed and used by the body
Biotransformation
the process by which substances that enter the body are changed from hydrophobic to hydrophilic molecules to facilitate elimination from the body
Cholinesterase
rapidly breaks down the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, so that it does not over-stimulate post-synaptic nerves, muscles, and exocrine glands
Contraindication
conditions, diseases, or patients where use of drug is not indicated
DMMS
enzymes that convert lipid soluble drugs into
water soluble metabolites
Dose response curve
mathematical curve that plots the
intensity of drug effect as drug dosage is
increased
Drug
chemical that produces a change in
body function
Drug addiction
term used for the most severe states of drug
dependency, dominates other behavior
Drug tolerance
Drug effectiveness decreases, contributes to dependency. Causes include microsomal enzyme induction and
receptor down-regulation
Drug compliance
the degree or extent of conformity to the recommendations about day-to-day treatment
Drug dependence
When person “needs” drug to maintain their well-being. Has psychological and physical components
ED50
median effective dose (dose that produces desired
effect in 50% of subjects)
Geriatrics
healthcare for individuals over 65 years of age
Hypersensitivity
Indication
condition or disease for which drug is given
LD50
median lethal dose (dose that kills half the subjects)
Loading dose
n pharmacokinetics, a loading dose is an initial higher dose of a drug that may be given at the beginning of a course of treatment to achieve TE before dropping down to a lower maintenance dose
Maintenance dose
the dose administered throughout a dosage regimen to maintain effective drug concentrations
Malignant hyperthermia
A severe reaction to anesthetics that typically includes a dangerously high body temperature, rigid muscles or spasms, and rapid heart rate.
Maximal effect
The maximal response to drug concentration in the body
Mechanism of Action
the explanation of how a drug produces
its intended therapeutic effect
Muscarinic
Receptors located on effector membranes in smooth and cardiac muscle, parasympathetic fibers, and can be stimulated by alkaloid muscarine
Neurotransmitter
A neurotransmitter is a signaling molecule secreted by a neuron to affect another cell across a synapse
Nicotinic
Located in the ganglia of both the
PNS and SNS, as well as the on the post-
synaptic membranes of neuromuscular
junctions. Stimulated by alkaloid nicotine.
Norepinephrine
Stimulate many internal organs to increase
sympathetic activity, stored in nerve endings
Onset of action
The length of time it takes for a medicine to start to work
OTC
Over the counter
Parasympatholytic
a substance or activity that reduces the activity of the parasympathetic nervous system by receptor blocking
Parasympathomimetic
activate the parasympathetic nervous system by mimicking or modifying the effects of acetylcholine
Parenteral administration
Parenteral drug administration means any non-oral means of administration
Pharmacodynamics
The study of the mechanism of action of drugs
in living tissues
Pharmacokinetics
The study of what the body does to the drug
Pharmacology
The study or science of the properties of drugs and how they work in the body
Pharmacotherapeutics
The use of drugs and the clinical indications for drugs to prevent and treat diseases
Polypharmacy
The regular use of at least 5 individuals drugs
Posology
Study of the amount of drug needed to produce therapeutic effects.
Postganglionic nerve fiber
axons of postganglionic neurons, neuron cell bodies in ganglia
Potency
The amount of drug required to produce a therapeutic effect
Preganglionic nerve fiber
axons of preganglionic neurons, neuron cell bodies in CNS
Site of action
location in the body where drug produces
the desired therapeutic effect
Sympatholytic
Antagonize the sympathetic system, block the receptors of NE and EPI
Sympathomimetic
Stimulate the sympathetic system, mimic NE and EPI
Therapeutic effects
the desired medicinal effect of the drug
Therapeutic drug range
The dosage range or blood plasma or serum concentration usually expected to achieve the desired therapeutic effect
TI
(TI= LD50/ED50): therapeutic index, a measure of a drugs’ safety margin. Must be >1 to be usable
Time response curve
mathematical curve that plots the effect
of a particular drug dosage over time
Toxicology
The study of poisons and unwanted responses to therapeutic agents
