Exam 1

Question 1

Adverse Effects

Answer 1

More debilitating side effects, usually more
harmful than a side effect.

Question 2

Agonist

Answer 2

drugs that bind to specific receptors and
produce drug action

Question 3

Antagonist

Answer 3

drug that binds to a specific receptor and has no effect or blocks a drug action from occurring

Question 4

Anticholinesterase

Answer 4

drugs that prolong the existence of acetylcholine after it is released from cholinergic nerve endings by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase

Question 5

Bioavailability

Answer 5

The ability of a drug or other substance to be absorbed and used by the body

Question 6

Biotransformation

Answer 6

the process by which substances that enter the body are changed from hydrophobic to hydrophilic molecules to facilitate elimination from the body

Question 7

Cholinesterase

Answer 7

rapidly breaks down the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, so that it does not over-stimulate post-synaptic nerves, muscles, and exocrine glands

Question 8

Contraindication

Answer 8

conditions, diseases, or patients where use of drug is not indicated

Question 9

DMMS

Answer 9

enzymes that convert lipid soluble drugs into
water soluble metabolites

Question 10

Dose response curve

Answer 10

mathematical curve that plots the
intensity of drug effect as drug dosage is
increased

Question 11

Drug

Answer 11

chemical that produces a change in
body function

Question 12

Drug addiction

Answer 12

term used for the most severe states of drug
dependency, dominates other behavior

Question 13

Drug tolerance

Answer 13

Drug effectiveness decreases, contributes to dependency. Causes include microsomal enzyme induction and
receptor down-regulation

Question 14

Drug compliance

Answer 14

the degree or extent of conformity to the recommendations about day-to-day treatment

Question 15

Drug dependence

Answer 15

When person “needs” drug to maintain their well-being. Has psychological and physical components

Question 16

ED50

Answer 16

median effective dose (dose that produces desired
effect in 50% of subjects)

Question 17

Geriatrics

Answer 17

healthcare for individuals over 65 years of age

Question 18

Hypersensitivity

Question 19

Indication

Answer 19

condition or disease for which drug is given

Question 20

LD50

Answer 20

median lethal dose (dose that kills half the subjects)

Question 21

Loading dose

Answer 21

n pharmacokinetics, a loading dose is an initial higher dose of a drug that may be given at the beginning of a course of treatment to achieve TE before dropping down to a lower maintenance dose

Question 22

Maintenance dose

Answer 22

the dose administered throughout a dosage regimen to maintain effective drug concentrations

Question 23

Malignant hyperthermia

Answer 23

A severe reaction to anesthetics that typically includes a dangerously high body temperature, rigid muscles or spasms, and rapid heart rate.

Question 24

Maximal effect

Answer 24

The maximal response to drug concentration in the body

Question 25

Mechanism of Action

Answer 25

the explanation of how a drug produces its intended therapeutic effect

Question 26

Muscarinic

Answer 26

Receptors located on effector membranes in smooth and cardiac muscle, parasympathetic fibers, and can be stimulated by alkaloid muscarine

Question 27

Neurotransmitter

Answer 27

A neurotransmitter is a signaling molecule secreted by a neuron to affect another cell across a synapse

Question 28

Nicotinic

Answer 28

Located in the ganglia of both the PNS and SNS, as well as the on the post- synaptic membranes of neuromuscular junctions. Stimulated by alkaloid nicotine.

Question 29

Norepinephrine

Answer 29

Stimulate many internal organs to increase sympathetic activity, stored in nerve endings

Question 30

Onset of action

Answer 30

The length of time it takes for a medicine to start to work

Question 31

OTC

Answer 31

Over the counter

Question 32

Parasympatholytic

Answer 32

a substance or activity that reduces the activity of the parasympathetic nervous system by receptor blocking

Question 33

Parasympathomimetic

Answer 33

activate the parasympathetic nervous system by mimicking or modifying the effects of acetylcholine

Question 34

Parenteral administration

Answer 34

Parenteral drug administration means any non-oral means of administration

Question 35

Pharmacodynamics

Answer 35

The study of the mechanism of action of drugs in living tissues

Question 36

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 36

The study of what the body does to the drug

Question 37

Pharmacology

Answer 37

The study or science of the properties of drugs and how they work in the body

Question 38

Pharmacotherapeutics

Answer 38

The use of drugs and the clinical indications for drugs to prevent and treat diseases

Question 39

Polypharmacy

Answer 39

The regular use of at least 5 individuals drugs

Question 40

Posology

Answer 40

Study of the amount of drug needed to produce therapeutic effects.

Question 41

Postganglionic nerve fiber

Answer 41

axons of postganglionic neurons, neuron cell bodies in ganglia

Question 42

Potency

Answer 42

The amount of drug required to produce a therapeutic effect

Question 43

Preganglionic nerve fiber

Answer 43

axons of preganglionic neurons, neuron cell bodies in CNS

Question 44

Site of action

Answer 44

location in the body where drug produces the desired therapeutic effect

Question 45

Sympatholytic

Answer 45

Antagonize the sympathetic system, block the receptors of NE and EPI

Question 46

Sympathomimetic

Answer 46

Stimulate the sympathetic system, mimic NE and EPI

Question 47

Therapeutic effects

Answer 47

the desired medicinal effect of the drug

Question 48

Therapeutic drug range

Answer 48

The dosage range or blood plasma or serum concentration usually expected to achieve the desired therapeutic effect

Question 49

TI

Answer 49

(TI= LD50/ED50): therapeutic index, a measure of a drugs' safety margin. Must be >1 to be usable

Question 50

Time response curve

Answer 50

mathematical curve that plots the effect of a particular drug dosage over time

Question 51

Toxicology

Answer 51

The study of poisons and unwanted responses to therapeutic agents