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Geography 103 > Exam #1 > Flashcards

Exam #1 Flashcards

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1
Q

5 themes of geography

A

natural environment, human environmental relationships, place, movement, location and space

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2
Q

natural enviornment

A

What the world gives us – water, vegetation

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3
Q

examples of natural enviornment

A

U.S. climate patterns – air mass source, religions, pressure, jets…etc.

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4
Q

human environmental relationships

A

Interactions between people and their environment

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5
Q

examples of human environmental relationships

A

culture, social institutions, technology

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6
Q

culture

A

a way of an entire life by a group, a social construct

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7
Q

social construct

A

a shared perception/belief (a collective view) of an individual, group, place, or category created by a group. An understanding and shared assumption by a society or a group.

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8
Q

dimensions of culture

A

ideology, technology

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9
Q

ideology

A

refers to a comprehensive vision of a culture

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10
Q

how are ideologies expressed

A

expressed by traditions. Family relationships, memorials, governments etc.

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11
Q

technology

A

tools available to a culture

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12
Q

how is technology helpful?

A

Technology can influence economic development, new discoveries, in computers, agricultural equipment, and weapons. Increases communication and information. Links groups across long distances improves trade, security and other global activities

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13
Q

social institutions

A

play instrumental roles in life experiences and the shaping of human geography. They are the means of supporting cultural goals/objections

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14
Q

3 p’s of culture

A

pride, prejudice, and privilege

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15
Q

privilege

A

extended to the majority hosts culture because they are entitled by their superior qualities and longstanding in the society – jobs, education, healthcare, etc.

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16
Q

privilege and prejudice

A

help define what resources are open to societal groups and where they are welcome to live, eat, work, play, etc.

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17
Q

ethnicity

A

not a race, amplifies certain elements of culture as a badge of we-ness – what defines us

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18
Q

ethnic geography

A

the study of spatial and ecological aspects of ethnicity

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19
Q

multicultural geographies

A

The study of both ethnic and racial geographies

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20
Q

acculturation

A

an ethnic group adapts enough of the host society’s ways to be able to function economically and socially

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21
Q

assimilation

A

a complete blending with the host culture. Involves loss of all distinctive ethnic traits

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22
Q

cultural geography

A

societal groups reshape existing landscapes to reflect their presence.

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23
Q

material expression

A

tangible, visible or observable features that contains CUES to a group’s occupation of that geographic area. These are cultural landscapes

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24
Q

race

A

socially constructed, an ideology category of people labeled and treated as similar within group because of some common biological traits, such as skin color, texture of hair, and shape of eyes

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25
Q

racial geography

A

the result of racialization, prejudice and discrimination created by one group power over another. a social construct that also becomes a tangible place

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26
Q

place

A

refers to a location with emotional attachment. It is a social construct

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27
Q

why are places important

A

places are important because they take on meaning. The defining group attaches a sentiment toward that place. They can be cultural landscapes too.

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28
Q

movement

A

refers to motion or the flow of energy goods and people form one location to another.

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29
Q

examples of movement

A

Movements have structure; flows have magnitude and take paths that guide their position and impact. Movement often occurs due to human desire. Can follow the natural environment (air masses, rivers, etc.) or they can be a result of human desires, such as connecting locations

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30
Q

physical networks

A

the paths created by human efforts and technology

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31
Q

social networks

A

the connection of people and places via communication

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32
Q

the canal era

A

1830 - 1860. Scottish, Irish, and Germans

33
Q

the rail era

A

1860 – 1890. English, Germans, and Scandinavians

34
Q

pre-WWI

A

1900 – 1914. Eastern Europeans, Italians, and others

35
Q

landscapes in Chicago pre-1920

A

Chicago’s human geography led to landscapes of wealth and landscapes of despair, as well as industrial landscapes of pollution.

36
Q

1921 Emergency Immigration Act

A

Short gap measure until more fully debated. Created the quota system!

37
Q

unbridled capitalism

A

When wealth is concentrated in the hands of a few, while the masses are marginalized, and social inequities abound. Capitalists knew it was unfair, led to marches and riots.

38
Q

location and space

A

Refers to location: points, lines, and areas and therefore, involves geographic scale

39
Q

examples of location

A

Location is either absolute or relative. Relative location is contextual – what is nearby and accessible. Suggests that we place a value on location

40
Q

economic value

A

bidding for location and area = $, those with the most resources get it – “natural process

41
Q

cultural/ethnic value

A

cultural meaning has been attached to a location, overlaps with the theme of place

42
Q

strategic value

A

access, ownership, or control of a location is valuable to maintaining leverage or position.

43
Q

straight-line assimilation

A

up and out) associated with burgess or concentric zone model

44
Q

segmented assimilation

A

multiple paths and multiple special patters

45
Q

heterolocalism

A

scattered settlement patterns of ethnicity but link to place

46
Q

Burgess/Concentric model of Chicago

A

The model assumes a relationship between the socio-economic status (mainly income) of households and the distance from the Central Business District (CBD). The further from the CBD, the between the quality housing, but the longer the commuting time.

47
Q

encalves

A

a portion of territory within or surrounding by a larger territory whose inhabitants are culturally or ethnically distinct. A place or group that is different in character from those surrounding it

48
Q

networks

A

an arrangement of intersecting horizontal and vertical lines. A group or system of interconnected people or things

49
Q

the borderlands

A

Settlements that were created in what are now known as Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, and California

50
Q

four factors of US mexican dominance in ancestry

A

mexican legacy, a shared border, demand for cheap labor, federal policies

51
Q

mexican legacy

A

refers to the long-term ties between two nations. It begins with the pre-Mexican contest and the nation of Texas, followed by the U.S. – Mexico land claim arguments over boarder

52
Q

a shared border

A

The US has been an attraction to poor Mexicans for centuries. The shared boarder has been permeable because it is hard to monitor and has allowed easy movements back and forth for a very long time.

53
Q

demand for cheap labor

A

American corporations and individuals have wanted continuous cheap, affordable labor for most economic sectors other than times of economic stressors

54
Q

federal policies

A

immigration law and labor programs, actions of social institutions. these actions have impacts on Hispanic-Latino population in both nations

55
Q

Mexican cession

A

halved the size of Mexico and doubled territory of the US. When Mexico ceded to the United States Upper California and New Mexico, included present day Arizona and New Mexico and parts of Utah, Nevada, and Colorado. Provided a bounty of ports, minerals, and natural resources for a growing country

56
Q

manifest destiny

A

The idea that the United States is destined – by Good, its advocates believed – to expand its dominion and spread democracy and capitalism across the entire North American continent.

57
Q

trends in 1920-1950

A
  • Policy impact of 1924 INA important
  • An Anglo-American and Western European population base for nearly half a century
  • Nearly 90% of US population was of European ancestry by 1950
  • Institutional acts are very important during this period
  • A period of Puerto Rican labor migration to the mainland. Forces have some similarity to other groups, both in migration, settlement and dispersal
58
Q

bracero program

A

permitted millions of Mexican men to work legally in the United States on short-term labor contracts

59
Q

bracero program results

A

an increase in both legal and illegal workers coming to the United States from Mexico

60
Q

bracero program promises

A

program guaranteed workers a minimum wage of 50 cents per hour, insurance and safe, free housing. However, housing and food routinely was well below standards, and waged were not only low, but also frequently paid late or not at all

61
Q

immigration act of 1924 (INA)

A

Limited the number of immigrants allowed entry into the United States through a national origins’ quota. Made quotas stricter and permanent

62
Q

repatriation

A

Act of sending back a person to the country of origin or citizenship by government. Negative impact on land access, food security, and subjective well-being for stayees

63
Q

alienated urban clusters

A

old shopping centers and inexpensive housing. The new major settlement is in settlements around these things, often linear developments along major highways

64
Q

suburban ethnic settlements

A

some heterolocal i.e., dispersed yet ties together by culture especially wealthy south Americans and also some middle class.

65
Q

barrio

A

a district of a town with Spanish speaking citizens

66
Q

race-place connection

A

the majority group racializes the group then they condemn their place as evil, dirty, neglected and/or dangerous.

67
Q

ethnic groups shifting

A
  • Mexicans to NYC and the South
  • Puerto Ricans from NYC into megalopolis to NY and surrounding states
  • Migration to smaller cities in adjacent state to small and moderate cities nearby
  • Puerto Ricans from NYC and NE, and from the island to Orland
68
Q

nativism

A

The policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants

69
Q

operation bootstrap

A

Changed the Puerto Rican economy from agricultural to industrial economy-bases in U.S. policy that created incentivized investments from the mainland – very large tax breaks for opening an industrial plant in Puerto Rico

70
Q

operation bootstrap impact

A
  1. After operation bootstrap took full effect during the 1950s, the urban population replaced the rural population in just a matter of a few years, as declining agriculture became obvious and new manufacturing opportunities appeared in the cities.
  2. The mass rural to urban migration reshaped Puerto Rico in many ways, including rapid urbanization followed by urban sprawl and suburbanization around its primate city, San Juan
  3. Operation bootstrap, rural-urban migration, and the continuing influx of poor Dominicans, contributed to population growth and urbanization trends that continues to 2000
71
Q

tax policy 936

A

Section 936 of the US tac code was a driver of Puerto Rico’s economic development, providing tax incentives to US corporations to create more rapid industrialization

72
Q

tax policy 936 impacts

A

936 provided those corporations tax exemptions for revenues originations in US territories. Result was extremely positive. Profits could be removed from the island. Opening industries on the island: corporate subsidiaries taxes exempt in US also were deductible from Puerto Rican taxes.

73
Q

western agricultural expansion

A
  • Congressed passed legislation in 1902 encouraging Western irrigation projects that encouraged:
  • Expansion of citrus and cotton production through hard, cheap Mexican labor in Texas and Arizona
  • Beet sugar industry in Colorado, Kansas, and Nebraska
  • Truck farming in California
74
Q

4th period of Hispanic/Latinx Diaspora

A

Trend #1 population growth has been tremendous: especially after 1970. More than ½ of US population growth 2000-2010 due to growth pf Hispanic population: immigration, and birth rate

75
Q

disconnected youth

A

Increasing in young people not in school and don’t have a job

76
Q

attraction of gateways

A

jobs, co-ethnics, and highly diverse metros

77
Q

changes in gateways

A
  • Changes in the types of gateway cities: traditional
  • Newer gateways in the development of the US (vs. former)
  • Recent emerging gateways – Orlando, Charlotte, Washington D.C.
  • 6 gateway states – New York, Illinois, Florida, Texas, California, New Jersey
78
Q

places that have gained Hispanics/Latinx

A

California, Texas, NYC, Orlando, Florida, Illinois, Texas, New Jersey, New England, Orlando, Charlotte, Washington D.C., Allentown

79
Q

growth of Hispanics/Latinx in recent US states

A
  • In the first decade of the 21st century mass influx and relocations from the Borderlands and entry directly to new and existing gateways upon entry led to contested space and anger over a variety of issues
  • Peak immigration decade and rise of undocumented
  • Largest 2 states = California and Texas, but other states are growing rapidly

Geography 103 (2 decks)

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