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Dinosaurs and their world > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Why should “Dinosaur” not be used as a synonym for “outdated”, “incompetent”, or “failure”?

A

It should not be used as a synonym for that because the dinosaurs were not a failure and ruled the world much longer than we have as the most successful terrestrial vertebrae.

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2
Q

A scientific theory is:

A

a hypothesis that has withstood rigorous testing

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3
Q

Which of these natural processes can fossils of dinosaurs help us understand?

A

evolution, population size decreases, extinction, speciation (origin of new species)

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4
Q

The Principle of Inclusions states that:

A

The rock fragments that are in the larger rocks are older than what they are inclosed in

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5
Q

A crystal:

A

is a substance comprised of atoms arranged into a solid geometrical structure

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6
Q

Earth’s continents have moved over time, and they are still moving right now.

A

true

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7
Q

Approximately what percentage of living organisms make it into the fossil record?

A

0.0001%

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8
Q

If you were to ask a scientist to define evolution, he would say:

A

it is change in population gene frequencies over generations

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9
Q

The anatomical direction opposite “medial” is:

A

lateral

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10
Q

The spines labeled with arrows on the dinosaur to the right are on which side of its body?

A

dorsal

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11
Q

what are the three keys to science?

A

observable, repeatable, falsifiable

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12
Q

informal term for a theory so supported we consider is Fact

A

law

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13
Q

what were the first dinosaurs?

A

eoraptor, herrerasaurus

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14
Q

what skeletal diagnosis distinguish a dinosaur

A

3 or more sacral vertebrae, shoulder joint faces posterior, open hip socket, and femur with ball shaped head

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15
Q

How many hole opening does Synapsids have?

A

one opening in side

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16
Q

How many hole opening does Anapsids have?

A

zero openings behind the orbit

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17
Q

How many hole opening does Diapsids have?

A

two openings behind the eye

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18
Q

Why does all life have left handed amino acids?

A

We all have the same ancenstor, “The Grand Homology”

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19
Q

a naturally occurring, inorganic, solid

A

Mineral

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20
Q

An aggregate of one ore more minerals

A

Rock

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21
Q

formed by cooling molten rock

A

Ingneous Rock

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22
Q

formed by deposition and cementation of sediment

A

Sedimentary Rock

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23
Q

searching for fossils eroding out of rock outcrops

A

Prospecting - prospect for gold

24
Q

excavating fossils out of the ground (that were found by prospecting)

A

Quarrying

25
Q

formed by recrystallization of a rock by high heat and/or pressure

A

Metamorphic rocks

26
Q

disaggregation or disintegration of rocks

A

Physical Weathering

27
Q

What are some weathering agents?

A
  • rain & wind
  • flowing water
  • waves
  • crystal growth
  • Ice
  • plant roots
28
Q

encasing fossils in plaster casts for transport home

A

jacketing

29
Q

What are the five principles of geology?

A

Original Horizontality, Superposition, original lateral Continuity, inclusions, cross cutting relationships

30
Q

what is Principle of Superposition

A

In undisturbed sequences, the oldest layer is always at the bottom, and successively younger layer are successively higher

31
Q

what is principle of inclusions

A

rock fragments within larger rocks are older than the rock masses in which they are inclosed, dinosaur fossils

32
Q

what is Principle of cross cutting relationships

A

Any geologic features that cross-cuts another is younger than the one it is penetrating/cutting across

33
Q

what are the five stages of decay?

A

1.) Fresh
2) Bloat
3.) Active Decay
4.) Advanced Decay
5.) Dry/Remains

34
Q

what is the New Jersey state dinosaur?

A

Hadrosaurus Foulkii

35
Q

What factors have a higher preservation potential?

A

1.) organisms with hard parts
2.) smaller organisms (usually…)
3.) more abundant species
4.) species living in low elevation environments

36
Q

bones arranged in life position

A

Articulation

37
Q

bones separated from life position

A

Disarticulation

38
Q

sometimes see evidence of past life but it’s not actually part of the organism

A

trace fossil

39
Q

what are some evidence of biologic interactions

A

surface modification
- bite marks
- gut contents
- coprolites (fossil feces)
- pathologies
- lesions
- tumors

40
Q

before darwin, what was the common belief?

A

fixity of species

41
Q

what is fixity of species?

A

-species were created in their present form
- extinction was though impossible
- fossils were though to have been created directly in rock

42
Q

what kind of evolution was thought that all structures in organisms arise because of a need, or an “inner want” of the organism

A

Lamarckain Evolution

43
Q

where is the source of variation come from?

A

genetic mutations
1.) Base substitutions
2.) Gene deletions
3.) Gene duplications

44
Q

how does natural selection happen?

A

Random, Purposeless Variation is acted on by Non-Random

45
Q

What is Evolution?

A

Change in population gene frequencies over many generations

46
Q

what is directional selection?

A

species changing all at once towards one direction

47
Q

what is divergent selection?

A

two different species diverge from one

48
Q

what is stabilizing selection?

A

no further evolution is needed, the species stays the same, sharks

49
Q

what is sexual selection?

A

occurs in dimorphic species, repopulation is based on what they look like

50
Q

What is a species?

A

potentially interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated from other groups

51
Q

what is the orientation at the top of the anatomy?

A

Dorsal

52
Q

what is the orientation at the bottom of the anatomy?

A

Ventral

53
Q

what is the orientation facing forward towards the head?

A

antierior

54
Q

what is the orientation facing backwards towards the tail?

A

posttierior

55
Q

what is the orientation facing a skull to the right

A

left lateral

56
Q

what is the orientation facing a skull to the left

A

right lateral

Dinosaurs and their world (4 decks)

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