exam 1

Question 1

how do you determine which side of an equilibrium is favored?

Answer 1

the side with the weaker acid is favored (more stable) (higher pka)

Question 2

a weaker acid is more stable or less stable?

Answer 2

more stable

Question 3

a H/H eclipsed interaction has what type of energy strain and energy cost?

Answer 3

has a torsional strain and an energy cost of 4 kj/mol

Question 4

a CH3/H eclipsed interaction has what type of energy strain and energy cost?

Answer 4

has a torsional strain and an energy cost of 6 kj/mol

Question 5

a CH3/CH3 eclipsed interaction has what type of strain and energy cost?

Answer 5

has a torsional strain + steric interaction and an energy cost of 11 k/mol

Question 6

a CH3/CH3 gauche interaction has what type of strain and energy cost?

Answer 6

has a steric interaction and an energy cost of 3.8 kj/mol

Question 7

what does torsional strain mean?

Answer 7

its the difference in energy between staggered and eclipsed conformations

Question 8

what type of conformation is the lowest in energy?

Answer 8

staggered

Question 9

what type of conformation is the highest in energy?

Answer 9

eclipsed

Question 10

what type of conformation is the most stable?

Answer 10

staggered bc lowest in energy and methyl groups being on opposite sides of each other

Question 11

what does degenerate mean?

Answer 11

it means having the same amount of energy

Question 12

what is a dihedral angle or (torsional angle)

Answer 12

when 2 hydrogen atoms are separated by an angle of 60 degrees

Question 13

higher pka means more or less acidic?

Answer 13

less acidic

Question 14

higher pka means more basic or less basic?

Answer 14

more basic

Question 15

is equatorial more or less stable? and lower or higher energy?

Answer 15

more stable & lower energy

Question 16

is axial more or less stable? and lower or higher energy?

Answer 16

less stable & higher energy

Question 17

what type of acid is associated with a weak base?

Answer 17

strong acid

Question 18

what type of acid is associated with a strong base?

Answer 18

weak acid

Question 19

localized lone pairs are more strongly or less strongly basic?

Answer 19

more strongly basic bc the lone pair is more available to function as a base

Question 20

what is the leveling effect?

Answer 20

a base cant be stronger than the conjugate base of the solvent

Question 21

what type of ion is more easily solvated?

Answer 21

a less bulky ion

Question 22

what are saturated hydrocarbons?

Answer 22

hydrocarbons that lack pi bonds. (usually ends in “-ane”)

Question 23

branched alkanes are lower or higher in energy? more or less stable? than straight chains

Answer 23

they are lower in energy meaning more stable

Question 24

what is an anticonformation?

Answer 24

the methyl groups achieve maximum separation from each other

Question 25

what are gauche interactions?

Answer 25

the methyl groups are closer to each other. their clouds are repelling each other trying to occupy the same region of space

Question 26

when you are asked about a solvent do you want it to favor reactants or products side?

Answer 26

you want it to favor the reactant side so it stays where its at

Question 27

when youre asked about reagents (ex: base or acid) do you want it to favor the reactants side or products?

Answer 27

the products so the reaction can move forward

Question 28

what is a lewis base?

Answer 28

electron donor

Question 29

what is a lewis acid?

Answer 29

electron acceptor

Question 30

what is a bronsted acid?

Answer 30

proton donor

Question 31

what is a bronsted base?

Answer 31

proton acceptor

Question 32

how do you identify which proton is more acidic?

Answer 32

by finding the least stable atom