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chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is a constitutional isomer?

A

a constitutional isomers is 2 molecules that have the same molecular formula but are bonded in a way that makes them different compounds

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2
Q

what is formal charge?

A

formal charge is associated with any atom that doesnt exhibit the appropriate # of valence electrons

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3
Q

when dealing with formal charge, if an atom has an extra electron what type of charge would it bear?

A

it would bear a positive charge (+)

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4
Q

when dealing with formal charge, if an atom needs an electron what type of charge does it bear?

A

it bears a negative charge (-)

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5
Q

when dealing with electronegativity and bonding if the difference in electroneg. is less than 0.5 the electrons are considered to be equally shared meaning it contains what kind of bond?

A

a covalent bond

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6
Q

when dealing with electroneg. and bonding, if the difference in elecgtroneg. is between 0.5 and 1.7 the electrons are NOT shared equally meaning it contains what kind of bond?

A

it contains a polar covalent bond

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7
Q

what is the meaning of induction in terms of electronegativity and bonding? and what does is cause?

A

it means the withdrawl of electrons toward oxygen shown by an arrow.
It causes the formation of partial positive and partial negative charges shown by greek symbol delta

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8
Q

in terms of electroneg. and bonding if the difference in electroneg. is greater than 1.7 this means the electrons are NOT SHARED at all meaning what type of bond is occuring

A

this means an ionic bond is formed

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9
Q

what must all isomers contain?

A

they all must contain the SAME molecular formula

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10
Q

what are wave functions?

A

provides information that allows us to assign a numerical value for each 3-D space relative to the nucleus

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11
Q

what is an orbital?

A

its a region of space that can be occupied by an electron

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12
Q

how are orbitals defined?

A

by electron clouds that have specific shapes and sizes

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13
Q

what is an occupied orbital called?

A

it is called am atomic orbital

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14
Q

what is an atomic orbital?

A

its a region of space defined with respect to the nucleus of a single atom (ex: s,p,d,f)

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15
Q

describe what a P orbital looks like

A

a p orbital has 2 lobes- the top lobe has positive values of wave function and the bottom lobe has negative values of wave function
between the lobe is where wave function = 0 which is a node

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16
Q

when are electrons lowest in energy?

A

when they occupy a 1s orbital b/c the 1s orbital is closest to the nucleus and has no nodes

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17
Q

the more nodes an orbital has the higher the energy or lower the energy it will contain?

A

higher the energy

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18
Q

what are degenerate orbitals?

A

they are orbitals with the same energy level

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19
Q

what is the order in which orbitals are filled by electrons?

A
  1. aufbau principle- the lowest energy orbital is filled first
  2. Pauli exclusion principle- each orbital can have a max of 2 electrons & must have opposite spin
  3. hunds rule- one electron is placed in each degenerate orbital first before electrons are paired up
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20
Q

how is a covalent bond formed?

A

from the overlap of atomic orbitals

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21
Q

when atomic orbitals overlap they can interfere constructively. what is constructive interference?

A

constructive interference produces a wave w/ a larger amplitude

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22
Q

when atomic orbitals overlap they can interfere destructively. what is a destructive interference?

A

it results in waves cancelling each other which produces a node

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23
Q

what is valence bond theory?

A

the sharing of electrons that are associated with individual atoms, rather than being associated with the entire molecule.

24
Q

what is the molecule orbital theory?

A

allows us to explore the consequences of atomic orbital overlap using mathematics

25
Q

what is the mathematical method called used to explore atomic orbital overlap?

A

it is called the linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO)

26
Q

the linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO) theory allows atomic orbitals to combine and produce new orbitals that are called what?

A

molecular orbitals

27
Q

what is the difference between atomic and molecular orbital?

A

atomic orbital is a region of space associated with an individual atom while molecular orbital is associated with an entire molecule

28
Q

what do atomic orbitals and molecular orbitals have in common?

A

they both are used to accomidate electrons

29
Q

bonding molecular orbital is the result of what type of interference?

A

constructive

30
Q

antibonding molecular orbital is the result of what type of interference?

A

destructive

31
Q

what is the highest energy orbital from among occupied orbitals called?

A

the highest occupied molecular orbital

32
Q

what is the lowest energy orbital from among the unoccupied orbitals called?

A

lowest unoccupied molecular orbital

33
Q

what type of bond(s) does single bonds have?

A

1 sigma bond

34
Q

what type of bond(s) do double bonds have?

A

1 sigma and 1 pi bond

35
Q

what type of bonds do triple bonds have?

A

2 pi and 1 sigma

36
Q

what makes up an sp3 hybridized orbital?

A
  • a carbon that has single bonds attached to it
  • has no P orbitals
  • has 4 sp3 hybridized orbitals
37
Q

what makes up an sp2 hybridized orbital?

A
  • contains 1 P orbital and 3 sp2 hybridized orbitals
  • a carbon that has double bonds attached to it
38
Q

what is a sigma bond the result of?

A

the overlap of sp2 hybridized atomic orbitals

39
Q

what is a pi bond the result of?

A

the overlap of p orbitals

40
Q

what makes up an sp hybridized orbital?

A
  • when the carbon has triple bonds attached to it
  • has 2 sp orbitals and 2 p orbitals
41
Q

what are the bond angles or a tetrahedral geometry?

A

109.5 degrees

42
Q

what is the hybridization of a tetrahedral geometry?

A

sp3 hybridization

43
Q

what is the hybridization of a trigonal pyramidal geometry?

A

sp3 hybridized

44
Q

what are the bond angles of a trigonal pyramidal geometry?

A

107 degrees

45
Q

what are the bond angles of a bent geometry?

A

105 degrees

46
Q

what type of hybridization does a bent geometry have?

A

sp3

47
Q

what type of hybridization does a trigonal planar geometry have?

A

sp2

48
Q

what are the bond angles or a trigonal planar geometry?

A

120 degrees

49
Q

what does steric number mean?

A

the total number of electron pairs

50
Q

what type of hybridization does linear geometry have?

A

sp

51
Q

what are the bond angles of a linear geometry ?

A

180 degrees

52
Q

does every lone pari have a dipole moment ?

A

yes

53
Q

what is a molecular dipole moment?

A

the vector sum

54
Q

what determines a hydrogen bond?

A

when a hydrogen atom is connected to an electroneg. element (usually O or N)
(STRONGEST BOND)

55
Q

what determines a london dispersion force?

A

a temporary attractive force that results when the electrons in two adjacent atoms occupy positions that make the atoms form temporary dipoles. (WEAKEST FORCE)

56
Q

what is the principle of solubility based upon

A

like dissolves like
polar compounds are soluble in polar solvents and nonpolar compounds are soluble in nonolar solvents

57
Q

hydrophilic

A

polar group

orgo (4 decks)

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