Exam #1 Flashcards
1
Q
lifespan perspective
A
no age period dominates, the whole lifespan, how we change has both gains and losses
2
Q
4 domains of development
A
physical, cognitive, social, emotional
3
Q
Biologic
A
genetics, nervous system, endocrine system
4
Q
cognitive
A
“faulty thinking,” changing thinking
5
Q
behaviorism
A
measure behavior, changing the maladaptive behaviors
B.F. Skinner
6
Q
Social Learning Theory
A
“Monkey see, monkey do,” modeling (specifically in early childhood)
7
Q
Psychosexual Theory
A
Freud (psychoanalysis), 4 stage theory, unconscious drives (sex/aggression), early childhood experiences
8
Q
psychosocial
A
Erik Erikson
8 Stage Theory
developmental “task” in each stage
9
Q
Multi-cultural
A
traditions beliefs of culture
10
Q
Evolutionary
A
role theory
men- protect and provide, maximize reproductive potential
women- find 1 dependable mate, caregiver
11
Q
objective
A
from the outside looking in, no opinion, black and white
12
Q
subjective
A
from inside, uses opinion, bias
13
Q
longitudinal design
A
across time with less people
14
Q
cross-sectional
A
taking one section with more people at one point in time
15
Q
random sample
A
wide variety and equal chance of being selected
16
Q
generalization of data
A
not usually correct but we tend to make generalizations
17
Q
advantages of surveys
A
results generalize well, quick, easy, and inexpensive, massive amount of data, cross-sectional design
18
Q
4 main types of research
A
surveys, correlational research experiments, and case-studies
19
Q
disadvantages of surveys
A
data isn’t always truthful
20
Q
case-study
A
an in-depth look into 1 or small group of people (family)
longitudinal results
21
Q
advantages of a case study
A
rich and interesting information
22
Q
disadvantages of a case study
A
data is subjective, results do not generalize well, and longitudinal design
23
Q
correlational research
A
determines if 2 variables are related to one another and if so how strongly they are related (not proving just relation)
24
Q
variable A increases variable B increases
A
+ direct relationship
25
variable A increases variable B decreases
- inverse relationship
26
correlational research
a number that indicates the strength of the relationship (between -1 to 1)
27
the closer the number is to 0
the weaker the relationship
28
negative means
inverse
29
the coefficient is a decimal
99% of the time
30
correlational coefficient between school uniforms and aggression
-0.45
31
correlational coefficient between laptops in class and GPA
+0.16
32
correlational coefficient between growing up with an alcoholic and becoming an alcoholic
+0.60
33
Experimental design aspects
1. independent variable
2. dependent variable
3. experimental group
4. control group
34
nature effects
genetics, heredity, biology
35
inherited traits
eye and hair color, height, facial features, intelligence, personality, temperament, metabolic rate
determined at conception
36
twin studies
provides the opportunity to measure effects of the environment
37
fraternal twins
2 eggs fertilized by 2 sperm
2 genetically different people
38
identical twins
1 egg fertilized by 1 sperm
fertilized egg splits into 2 identical people
39
environmental effects
family of origin (SES, religion, cultural values, communication style, modeling)
education (public, private, homeschool)
where you grew up (inner city, suburban, small city, rural)
40
egg
largest cell in human body, approximately 450, 1 per month for 40 years, reproductive potential is finite, viability of egg is 24 hours
41
sperm
produced continuously throughout life, 525 billion in a lifetime, viability of sperm= up to 5 days in reproductive tract, reproductive potential is limitless
42
release 1 egg typically every
28 days
43
day ovulation occurs
#14
44
peak fertility
days 11-17 of menstrual cycle
45
where fertilization takes place
Fallopian tube
46
gestational period
40 weeks
47
period of the zygote
conception- week 2
massive and rapid cell division
48
what day does the zygote implant into the uterine wall
day 10
49
what is the embryonic period referred to as
the critical period
50
what weeks are the embryonic period
week 3-8
51
main events of embryonic period
often taking place out of mothers awareness
placenta develops (nutrients/hormones)
umbilical cord develops (oxygen and blood supply)
organ systems develop (all 8)
52
classic symptoms
nausea and fatigue
53
adaptive response
one that increases chances of survival
54
teratogens
dangerous agents that are toxic to the developing embryo
55
examples of teratogens
alcohol, nicotine, drugs (legal and illegal), infectious diseases, radiation
56
fetal period
the remainder of the pregnancy week 9-delivery
a period of continued growth
57
age of viability
25 weeks gestation
58
Stage 1 of Childbirth
Labor "work hard, make great effort"
progressively intense uterine contractions
dilation of cervix to 10 cm
8-12 duration hours on average
59
Stage 2 of Childbirth
Pushing
more intense and rapid contractions
30 min on average
baby is born
60
Stage 3 of Childbirth
Delivery of the placenta
61
vertex
normal position in birth canal, head down, face to the back
62
fetal monitoring
useful to keep track of the health and position of the baby
63
epidural
spinal block anesthesia for pain
64
tattoos
when in lower lumbar region epidural will not be given within 5 years of tattoo
65
episiotomy
incision of the perineum
66
birth plans
birth does not usually go as planned
67
Reasons for cesarean section
breech presentation, lateral presentation, posterior presentation,, failure to dilate, pelvic disproportion, maternal/fetal distress
68
breech presentation
footling breech or buttocks breech
69
posterior presentation
head down, face front
70
c section rates in 1965 and 2019
1965- 4.5%
2019- 32%
71
causes in increase in c section rates
increase change in practice standards
increased number of inductions of labor
increased malpractice lawsuits
72
Miscarriage percentage
15-20%
73
when do most miscarriages occur
during 1st 7 weeks
74
what are most miscarriages caused by
chromosomal abnormality that make it impossible for the baby to develop normally
75
risk factors for miscarriage
increased drug/alcohol abuse
increase in infections
increase in teratogen exposure
increase in obesity
76
postpartum depression
"bluesy"
hormone shift
physical changes
77
correlations to postpartum depression
genetics, previous depression, marriage woes, life stressor
78
advantages of breastfeeding
increased bonding, immunity, cheaper, natural family planning
79
average newborn size
7 1/2 pounds 20 inches
80
adaptation to delivery
increased blood
increased oxygen
aroused state
81
APGAR Score
appearance (color) rosy, pulse fast, grimace (reflexes), activity (muscle tone), reparation (breathing)
82
APGAR score meaning
7-10 healthy
4-6 problems
less than 4 serious
83
sensory system
least well developed
vision 20/400
senses of touch and smell most developed and vital to survival
84
physical growth of infancy and toddlerhood
very rapid and in spurts
triple birth weight and increase height by 50%
avg 1 year old+= 22 lb and 33 in
85
Developmental milestones of infancy and toddlerhood
roll over (4 mo)
sit up (6 mo)
crawl (8 mo)
cruising (10 mo)
walking (12 mo)
86
Stage 1: Sensorimotor Period (0-2)
Jean Piaget
learn by active exploration reaching and grasping
everything goes into their mouth
mouth= school
organize their experiences into schemes (scaffolding)
actions and reactions (throwing pacifier)
imitation and repetition
mental pictures (abt 7 months)
object permanence
87
crying
we are programmed to react to crying babies
increase chances of survival (adaptive survival)
88
operant conditioning
when we reward crying this increases the crying behavior
89
Stage 1: Oral Stage
1st year of life
revolves around feeling experiences
mouth= pleasure center
amount of oral stimulation is key
"oral fixation" results in behaviors that are hard to change (over eating, nail biting, gum chewing)
Sigmund Freud
Psychosexual Theory
90
Stage 2: Anal Stage
2nd year of life
revolves are toilet training
how parents manage training is key
"anal fixation" results in OCD
91
Psychosocial Theory
Erik Erikson
critical "task" to be navigated successfully in each stage of life
92
Stage 1 Psychosocial theory
Trust vs Mistrust
93
trust
needs are consistently met, learn their world is safe, develop confidence in parents, develop confidence in self
94
mistrust
needs met inconsistently, cannot depend on parents, feel betrayed, withdraw, lack of confidence in self
95
Stage 2 Psychosocial Theory
Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt
96
Autonomy
given reasonable choices, feel important, increased confidence, think about self as "separate"
97
Shame/doubt
punished/criticized, humiliated, doubt abilities/self, lack confidence
98
primary emotions
innate
happiness, anger, fear
99
self-conscious emotions
learned
pride, shame
100
social referencing
powerful emotional learning tool
seeking information from a trusted caregiver
child looks to trusted caregiver for reaction
101
temperament
intensity of emotional reactivity toward others
our fuse
stable by age 2
genetic
view as the cornerstone of personality
102
longitudinal study by Thomas and Chess
began in 1956 with 40 infants
measured activity level, adaptability, attention span, and mood
103
temperament types
easy children (40%)
slow to warm up children (35%)
difficult children (10%)
associated with many difficulties throughout life
pistol kids= barometer child
104
attachment
lasting, loving emotional bond between infant and caregiver established in the 1st year of life
blueprint for all further relationships in life
security blankets/animals
Harry Harlow
105
Strange Situation Test
studied attachment styles
106
Attachment Styles
secure (65%)- used mother as home base
anxious (20%)- unresponsive until mother came back
avoidant (10%)- unresponsive and angry when mother returned
107
Early Childhood Physical growth
slow and steady growth pattern
grow 2-3" and gain 5 lbs per year
taller and slimmer
108
3 Main Brain Development in Early Childhood
hemisphere growth
handedness
cerebellum
109
Early Childhood ages
2-6
110
hemisphere growth
left, logical, language
right, creative
the left outpacing the right
111
handedness
stable at age 2
10% of the world is left handed
advantage in sports and athletics
112
Fine Motor Skill Development
getting dressed, tying shoes, drawing, and coloring
113
Childhood Injuries and Death at this Age
car accidents, drowning, fires
114
correlated risk factors to death/injuires
gender, temperament, SES (inverse relationship), community setting
115
Piaget's Stage 2
Preoperational thought
magical thinkers
make believe play
116
operations
rules of thinking
117
Freud Stage 3
Phallic
118
Oedipus complex
learns to identify with dad
develops a sense of gender
119
Electra complex
learns to identify with mom
develops a sense of gender
120
Erikson Stage 3 (age 2-6)
guilt vs initiative
121
guilt
restricts initiative
afraid to try
weaker inner voice
less clear sense of gender
122
initiative
initiative- "great governor of the conscience"
taking the first step toward a goal
not afraid to try
stronger inner voice
clearer sense of gender
123
Aspects of sense of self
looks, abilities, and possessions
124
self-esteem
feelings about self worthy
more emotional and psychological
more deeply important
125
self-confidence
believing in yourself
in abilities
not a present laid down in layers
126
What are Freud's 3 stages
Oral, Anal, Phallic
127
What are Erikson's 3 Stages
trust vs mistrust
autonomy vs shame/doubt
initiative vs guilt
128
What are Piaget's 2 Stages
Sensorimotor Stage
Preoperational Thought
