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Psychology of Human Development > Exam #1 > Flashcards

Exam #1 Flashcards

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1
Q

lifespan perspective

A

no age period dominates, the whole lifespan, how we change has both gains and losses

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2
Q

4 domains of development

A

physical, cognitive, social, emotional

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3
Q

Biologic

A

genetics, nervous system, endocrine system

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4
Q

cognitive

A

“faulty thinking,” changing thinking

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5
Q

behaviorism

A

measure behavior, changing the maladaptive behaviors
B.F. Skinner

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6
Q

Social Learning Theory

A

“Monkey see, monkey do,” modeling (specifically in early childhood)

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7
Q

Psychosexual Theory

A

Freud (psychoanalysis), 4 stage theory, unconscious drives (sex/aggression), early childhood experiences

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8
Q

psychosocial

A

Erik Erikson
8 Stage Theory
developmental “task” in each stage

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9
Q

Multi-cultural

A

traditions beliefs of culture

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10
Q

Evolutionary

A

role theory
men- protect and provide, maximize reproductive potential
women- find 1 dependable mate, caregiver

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11
Q

objective

A

from the outside looking in, no opinion, black and white

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12
Q

subjective

A

from inside, uses opinion, bias

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13
Q

longitudinal design

A

across time with less people

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14
Q

cross-sectional

A

taking one section with more people at one point in time

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15
Q

random sample

A

wide variety and equal chance of being selected

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16
Q

generalization of data

A

not usually correct but we tend to make generalizations

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17
Q

advantages of surveys

A

results generalize well, quick, easy, and inexpensive, massive amount of data, cross-sectional design

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18
Q

4 main types of research

A

surveys, correlational research experiments, and case-studies

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19
Q

disadvantages of surveys

A

data isn’t always truthful

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20
Q

case-study

A

an in-depth look into 1 or small group of people (family)
longitudinal results

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21
Q

advantages of a case study

A

rich and interesting information

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22
Q

disadvantages of a case study

A

data is subjective, results do not generalize well, and longitudinal design

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23
Q

correlational research

A

determines if 2 variables are related to one another and if so how strongly they are related (not proving just relation)

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24
Q

variable A increases variable B increases

A

+ direct relationship

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25
Q

variable A increases variable B decreases

A
  • inverse relationship
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26
Q

correlational research

A

a number that indicates the strength of the relationship (between -1 to 1)

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27
Q

the closer the number is to 0

A

the weaker the relationship

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28
Q

negative means

A

inverse

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29
Q

the coefficient is a decimal

A

99% of the time

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30
Q

correlational coefficient between school uniforms and aggression

A

-0.45

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31
Q

correlational coefficient between laptops in class and GPA

A

+0.16

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32
Q

correlational coefficient between growing up with an alcoholic and becoming an alcoholic

A

+0.60

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33
Q

Experimental design aspects

A
  1. independent variable
  2. dependent variable
  3. experimental group
  4. control group
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34
Q

nature effects

A

genetics, heredity, biology

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35
Q

inherited traits

A

eye and hair color, height, facial features, intelligence, personality, temperament, metabolic rate
determined at conception

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36
Q

twin studies

A

provides the opportunity to measure effects of the environment

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37
Q

fraternal twins

A

2 eggs fertilized by 2 sperm
2 genetically different people

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38
Q

identical twins

A

1 egg fertilized by 1 sperm
fertilized egg splits into 2 identical people

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39
Q

environmental effects

A

family of origin (SES, religion, cultural values, communication style, modeling)
education (public, private, homeschool)
where you grew up (inner city, suburban, small city, rural)

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40
Q

egg

A

largest cell in human body, approximately 450, 1 per month for 40 years, reproductive potential is finite, viability of egg is 24 hours

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41
Q

sperm

A

produced continuously throughout life, 525 billion in a lifetime, viability of sperm= up to 5 days in reproductive tract, reproductive potential is limitless

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42
Q

release 1 egg typically every

A

28 days

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43
Q

day ovulation occurs

A

14

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44
Q

peak fertility

A

days 11-17 of menstrual cycle

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45
Q

where fertilization takes place

A

Fallopian tube

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46
Q

gestational period

A

40 weeks

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47
Q

period of the zygote

A

conception- week 2
massive and rapid cell division

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48
Q

what day does the zygote implant into the uterine wall

A

day 10

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49
Q

what is the embryonic period referred to as

A

the critical period

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50
Q

what weeks are the embryonic period

A

week 3-8

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51
Q

main events of embryonic period

A

often taking place out of mothers awareness
placenta develops (nutrients/hormones)
umbilical cord develops (oxygen and blood supply)
organ systems develop (all 8)

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52
Q

classic symptoms

A

nausea and fatigue

53
Q

adaptive response

A

one that increases chances of survival

54
Q

teratogens

A

dangerous agents that are toxic to the developing embryo

55
Q

examples of teratogens

A

alcohol, nicotine, drugs (legal and illegal), infectious diseases, radiation

56
Q

fetal period

A

the remainder of the pregnancy week 9-delivery
a period of continued growth

57
Q

age of viability

A

25 weeks gestation

58
Q

Stage 1 of Childbirth

A

Labor “work hard, make great effort”
progressively intense uterine contractions
dilation of cervix to 10 cm
8-12 duration hours on average

59
Q

Stage 2 of Childbirth

A

Pushing
more intense and rapid contractions
30 min on average
baby is born

60
Q

Stage 3 of Childbirth

A

Delivery of the placenta

61
Q

vertex

A

normal position in birth canal, head down, face to the back

62
Q

fetal monitoring

A

useful to keep track of the health and position of the baby

63
Q

epidural

A

spinal block anesthesia for pain

64
Q

tattoos

A

when in lower lumbar region epidural will not be given within 5 years of tattoo

65
Q

episiotomy

A

incision of the perineum

66
Q

birth plans

A

birth does not usually go as planned

67
Q

Reasons for cesarean section

A

breech presentation, lateral presentation, posterior presentation,, failure to dilate, pelvic disproportion, maternal/fetal distress

68
Q

breech presentation

A

footling breech or buttocks breech

69
Q

posterior presentation

A

head down, face front

70
Q

c section rates in 1965 and 2019

A

1965- 4.5%
2019- 32%

71
Q

causes in increase in c section rates

A

increase change in practice standards
increased number of inductions of labor
increased malpractice lawsuits

72
Q

Miscarriage percentage

A

15-20%

73
Q

when do most miscarriages occur

A

during 1st 7 weeks

74
Q

what are most miscarriages caused by

A

chromosomal abnormality that make it impossible for the baby to develop normally

75
Q

risk factors for miscarriage

A

increased drug/alcohol abuse
increase in infections
increase in teratogen exposure
increase in obesity

76
Q

postpartum depression

A

“bluesy”
hormone shift
physical changes

77
Q

correlations to postpartum depression

A

genetics, previous depression, marriage woes, life stressor

78
Q

advantages of breastfeeding

A

increased bonding, immunity, cheaper, natural family planning

79
Q

average newborn size

A

7 1/2 pounds 20 inches

80
Q

adaptation to delivery

A

increased blood
increased oxygen
aroused state

81
Q

APGAR Score

A

appearance (color) rosy, pulse fast, grimace (reflexes), activity (muscle tone), reparation (breathing)

82
Q

APGAR score meaning

A

7-10 healthy
4-6 problems
less than 4 serious

83
Q

sensory system

A

least well developed
vision 20/400
senses of touch and smell most developed and vital to survival

84
Q

physical growth of infancy and toddlerhood

A

very rapid and in spurts
triple birth weight and increase height by 50%
avg 1 year old+= 22 lb and 33 in

85
Q

Developmental milestones of infancy and toddlerhood

A

roll over (4 mo)
sit up (6 mo)
crawl (8 mo)
cruising (10 mo)
walking (12 mo)

86
Q

Stage 1: Sensorimotor Period (0-2)

A

Jean Piaget
learn by active exploration reaching and grasping
everything goes into their mouth
mouth= school
organize their experiences into schemes (scaffolding)
actions and reactions (throwing pacifier)
imitation and repetition
mental pictures (abt 7 months)
object permanence

87
Q

crying

A

we are programmed to react to crying babies
increase chances of survival (adaptive survival)

88
Q

operant conditioning

A

when we reward crying this increases the crying behavior

89
Q

Stage 1: Oral Stage

A

1st year of life
revolves around feeling experiences
mouth= pleasure center
amount of oral stimulation is key
“oral fixation” results in behaviors that are hard to change (over eating, nail biting, gum chewing)
Sigmund Freud
Psychosexual Theory

90
Q

Stage 2: Anal Stage

A

2nd year of life
revolves are toilet training
how parents manage training is key
“anal fixation” results in OCD

91
Q

Psychosocial Theory

A

Erik Erikson
critical “task” to be navigated successfully in each stage of life

92
Q

Stage 1 Psychosocial theory

A

Trust vs Mistrust

93
Q

trust

A

needs are consistently met, learn their world is safe, develop confidence in parents, develop confidence in self

94
Q

mistrust

A

needs met inconsistently, cannot depend on parents, feel betrayed, withdraw, lack of confidence in self

95
Q

Stage 2 Psychosocial Theory

A

Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt

96
Q

Autonomy

A

given reasonable choices, feel important, increased confidence, think about self as “separate”

97
Q

Shame/doubt

A

punished/criticized, humiliated, doubt abilities/self, lack confidence

98
Q

primary emotions

A

innate
happiness, anger, fear

99
Q

self-conscious emotions

A

learned
pride, shame

100
Q

social referencing

A

powerful emotional learning tool
seeking information from a trusted caregiver
child looks to trusted caregiver for reaction

101
Q

temperament

A

intensity of emotional reactivity toward others
our fuse
stable by age 2
genetic
view as the cornerstone of personality

102
Q

longitudinal study by Thomas and Chess

A

began in 1956 with 40 infants
measured activity level, adaptability, attention span, and mood

103
Q

temperament types

A

easy children (40%)
slow to warm up children (35%)
difficult children (10%)
associated with many difficulties throughout life
pistol kids= barometer child

104
Q

attachment

A

lasting, loving emotional bond between infant and caregiver established in the 1st year of life
blueprint for all further relationships in life
security blankets/animals
Harry Harlow

105
Q

Strange Situation Test

A

studied attachment styles

106
Q

Attachment Styles

A

secure (65%)- used mother as home base
anxious (20%)- unresponsive until mother came back
avoidant (10%)- unresponsive and angry when mother returned

107
Q

Early Childhood Physical growth

A

slow and steady growth pattern
grow 2-3” and gain 5 lbs per year
taller and slimmer

108
Q

3 Main Brain Development in Early Childhood

A

hemisphere growth
handedness
cerebellum

109
Q

Early Childhood ages

A

2-6

110
Q

hemisphere growth

A

left, logical, language
right, creative
the left outpacing the right

111
Q

handedness

A

stable at age 2
10% of the world is left handed
advantage in sports and athletics

112
Q

Fine Motor Skill Development

A

getting dressed, tying shoes, drawing, and coloring

113
Q

Childhood Injuries and Death at this Age

A

car accidents, drowning, fires

114
Q

correlated risk factors to death/injuires

A

gender, temperament, SES (inverse relationship), community setting

115
Q

Piaget’s Stage 2

A

Preoperational thought
magical thinkers
make believe play

116
Q

operations

A

rules of thinking

117
Q

Freud Stage 3

A

Phallic

118
Q

Oedipus complex

A

learns to identify with dad
develops a sense of gender

119
Q

Electra complex

A

learns to identify with mom
develops a sense of gender

120
Q

Erikson Stage 3 (age 2-6)

A

guilt vs initiative

121
Q

guilt

A

restricts initiative
afraid to try
weaker inner voice
less clear sense of gender

122
Q

initiative

A

initiative- “great governor of the conscience”
taking the first step toward a goal
not afraid to try
stronger inner voice
clearer sense of gender

123
Q

Aspects of sense of self

A

looks, abilities, and possessions

124
Q

self-esteem

A

feelings about self worthy
more emotional and psychological
more deeply important

125
Q

self-confidence

A

believing in yourself
in abilities
not a present laid down in layers

126
Q

What are Freud’s 3 stages

A

Oral, Anal, Phallic

127
Q

What are Erikson’s 3 Stages

A

trust vs mistrust
autonomy vs shame/doubt
initiative vs guilt

128
Q

What are Piaget’s 2 Stages

A

Sensorimotor Stage
Preoperational Thought

Psychology of Human Development (4 decks)

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