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Movement and Structure > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Biomechanical Frame of Reference

A

uses anatomy, kinesiology, kinematics as foundation for reasoning

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2
Q

When are biomechanical FOR usually used?

A

restorative approaches
intervention to support occupation

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3
Q

examples of biomechanical FOR

A

splinting, stretching, exercise

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4
Q

Rehabilitative FOR

A

focus on the client returning to participation in activities with current abilities

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5
Q

rehab FOR is most often used when?

A

compensatory approaches, occupations and training

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6
Q

Planes of movement

A

sagittal, frontal, transverse

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7
Q

sagittal plane

A

divide body into left and right
flexion and extension

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8
Q

frontal plane

A

divides into front and back
abduction and adduction

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9
Q

transverse plane

A

divides into top and bottom
rotation

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10
Q

what plane is the vertical axis in

A

transverse

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11
Q

what plane is the frontal axis in

A

sagittal

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12
Q

what plane is the sagittal axis in

A

frontal

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13
Q

kinesiology

A

study of movement and forces involved

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14
Q

kinematics

A

study of motion in terms of mechanical elements

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15
Q

arthrokinematics

A

internal joint patterns, involve accessory motions that cant be achieved by voluntary muscle force

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16
Q

closed chain motion

A

proximal joint moving in relation to a fixed distal segment
promote stability

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17
Q

examples of closed chain actions

A

pushing a stroller, push-ups, bending down to grab a box

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18
Q

open chain motion

A

distal portion of limb is moving allowing joints to move independently and with each other.
promote mobility

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19
Q

examples of open chain actions

A

hitting a tennis ball, playing the violin

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20
Q

isometric contraction

A

no change in muscle length

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21
Q

concentric contraction

A

muscle shortens

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22
Q

eccentric contraction

A

muscle lengthens

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23
Q

velocity

A

speed + direction

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24
Q

momentum

A

(Mass)(Velocity)

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25
Q

inertia

A

an object’s resistance to change in its state
proportional to mass

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26
Q

newtons laws

A

inertia, acceleration, action and reaction

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27
Q

law of acceleration

A

acceleration is proportional to force and inverse to mass

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28
Q

law of action and reaction

A

every action has an opposite reaction of equal strength

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29
Q

linear force

A

all forces in same line of pull
produces tension and compression

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30
Q

shear force

A

forces acting parallel across each other
can cause tissue damage

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31
Q

force couple

A

several forces working in opposite lines of pull
creates a rotary force

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32
Q

resultant force

A

net result of multiple forces acting on the same point

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33
Q

how do you find the resultant force

A

parallelogram technique

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34
Q

torque

A

rotation of an object about an axis

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35
Q

what is torque influenced by

A

amount of force, moment arm

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36
Q

torque equation

A

(amount of force)(moment arm)

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37
Q

moment arm

A

perpendicular distance between the axis and force

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38
Q

mechanical advantage

A

effort arm / resistance arm

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39
Q

if MA is >1

A

increased advantage

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40
Q

if ma <1

A

decreased advantage

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41
Q

first class lever

A

axis is between effort and resistance
least common in the body

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42
Q

second class lever

A

resistance is between the effort and axis
effort arm always longer than resistance arm

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43
Q

third class lever

A

effort is between the axis and resistance
resistance arm always longer than effort arm
most common in the body

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44
Q

fixed pulley

A

changes the direction of a force

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45
Q

functions of the head, neck, and trunk

A

stability for distal mobility, mobility, transmits and distributes loads

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46
Q

total amount of flexion in cervical spine

A

40-50 degrees

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47
Q

total amount of flexion in thoracic spine

A

30-40 degrees

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48
Q

total amount of flexion in lumbar spine

A

45-55 degrees

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49
Q

total amount of extension in cervical spine

A

75-85 degrees

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50
Q

total amount of extension in thoracic spine

A

15-20 degrees

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51
Q

total amount of extension in lumbar spine

A

15-25 degrees

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52
Q

total amount of cervical rotation

A

80 degrees

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53
Q

total amount of rotation in thoracic spine

A

25-35 degrees extension

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54
Q

total amount of rotation in lumbar spine

A

5-7 degrees flexion

55
Q

total amount of cervical lateral flexion

A

40 degrees

56
Q

total amount of thoracic lateral flexion

A

20-30 degrees

57
Q

total amount of lumbar lateral flexion

A

20 degrees

58
Q

protraction

A

capital extension and cervical flexion

59
Q

retraction

A

capital flexion and cervical extension

60
Q

muscles for capital flexion

A

bilateral contraction of capital flexors

61
Q

capital flexors

A

rectus capitis anterior, rectus capitis lateralis, longus capitis muscles

62
Q

muscles for cervical flexion

A

bilateral contraction of sternocleidomastoid, anterior scalene, longus Colli

63
Q

muscles for capital extension

A

bilateral contraction of posterior capitis muscles

64
Q

muscles for cervical extension

A

bilateral contraction of cervicis muscles, levator scapulae, upper trapezius

65
Q

muscles for cervical rotation

A

unilateral contraction of sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, splenii

66
Q

muscles for lateral flexion

A

unilateral contraction of sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, splenii

67
Q

abdominal muscles

A

produce flexion, lateral flexion, rotation of abdomen
support abdominal viscera
increase intrathoracic and intra-abdominal pressure

68
Q

muscles for trunk flexion

A

rectus abdominis, bilateral contraction of obliques, iliopsoas

69
Q

trunk flexion example

A

sitting up from bed

70
Q

muscles for trunk extension

A

bilateral contraction of thoracic and lumbar erector spinae, multifidi, rotores, quadratus lumborum

71
Q

trunk extension example

A

standing at the sink to do self care

72
Q

muscles for trunk rotation

A

unilateral contraction of internal obliques, external obliques

73
Q

muscles for trunk lateral flexion

A

unilateral contraction of erector spinae, internal and external obliques, quadratus lumborum

74
Q

inspiration

A

diaphragm, external intercostals, scalenes

75
Q

primary inspiration muscles

A

diaphragm, intercostals, scalenes

76
Q

diaphragm in inspiration

A

increased vertical diameter of thorax, elevate the lower ribs, massage internal organs, c4 innervation

77
Q

intercostals in inspiration

A

elevate and stabilize the ribs

78
Q

scalenes in inspiration

A

elevate the ribs and sternum

79
Q

muscles of forced exhalation

A

rectus abdominis, obliques, internal intercostals

80
Q

pelvic floor

A

bowel and urinary continence and movement, manage intra-abdominal pressure, relax with inhalation and contract with exhalation

81
Q

posture

A

position of your body parts in relation to another

82
Q

postural control

A

controls the body’s orientation in space, stabilizes the head with respect to the vertical plane, maintains the body’s center of gravity over its base of support, facilitates vital and organ functions

83
Q

components of postural control

A

stability: ability to maintain ones COG within BOS
orientation: relationships with the body and environment when completing tasks

84
Q

base of support

A

region bounded by body parts in contact with a support surface, the bigger the BOS the higher the stability

85
Q

center of gravity

A

imaginary point where the weight of the person is equally distributed left to right and top to bottom

86
Q

line of gravity

A

line thru the head, torso, and cog to the ground, represents the direction of gravity on the body

87
Q

COG and BOS

A

the lower the cog to the bos, the higher the stability

88
Q

optimal position for stability

A

cog is right over the bos

89
Q

balance strategies in standing

A
  1. ankle: rocks forward on toes or back on heels
  2. hip: moves in the opposite direction of the ankle
  3. trunk: bends
  4. stepping: one or multi steps
  5. grasping: of nearby surfaces
90
Q

neutral pelvic tilt

A

asis and psis are parallel to eachother, in line

91
Q

anterior pelvic tilt

A

asis moves forward and psis moves backward, both move downward

92
Q

posterior pelvic tilt

A

asis moves backwards and psis moves upward and anterior

93
Q

standing posture

A

neutral alignment of joints with line of gravity, level pelvis supporting curvature of the spine, upper body vertically balanced above pelvis

94
Q

key anatomical landmarks the LOG passes thru

A

ear and mastoid process, just anterior to shoulder joint, just posterior to hip joint, just posterior to center of knee, just anterior to front of ankle

95
Q

muscles of standing posture

A

back extensors, hip extensors, hip flexors, abdominals

96
Q

kyphosis lordosis posture

A

anterior pelvic tilt, lumbar lordosis, thoracic kyphosis, cervical protraction

97
Q

muscular changes in kyphosis lordosis

A
  1. tight and short hip flexors, lumbar cervical spine
  2. elongated and weak hip extensors, hamstrings, erector spinae, abdominals
98
Q

swayback posture

A

posterior pelvic tilt, anterior displacement of the pelvis

99
Q

muscular changes in swayback

A
  1. tight and short hip extensors, hamstrings, cervical flexors
  2. elongated and weak erector spinae, abdominals, hip flexors
100
Q

flatback posture

A

posterior pelvic tilt, decreased lumbar lordosis, flat thoracic spine, increased cervical protraction

101
Q

muscle changes in flatback

A
  1. tight and short hip extensors, hamstrings
  2. elongated and weak hip flexors
102
Q

intervertebral joints

A

2 facet, 1 interbody

103
Q

nucleus pulposus

A

displaces to accomodate movement

104
Q

annulus fibrosis

A

limits displacement and stabilizes the disc

105
Q

intervertebral ligaments

A

anterior longitudinal ligament
posterior longitudinal ligament
interspinous ligament, ligamentum flavum, intertransverse ligament

106
Q

body mechanics

A

the art of distributing work over several sets of muscles and using the most efficient ones

107
Q

purpose of body mechanics

A

conserve energy, preserve equilibrium, minimizes forces on joints

108
Q

common back conditions

A
  1. muscle guarding and spasms
  2. disc strain or bulge
  3. disc herniation
  4. thinning discs
  5. acute strains or sprains
  6. joint stiffness
  7. osteoarthritis
109
Q

prevalence of lower back pain

A

1 on 12 people

110
Q

highest LBP by job

A

nursing and care centers: 10.65%

111
Q

postural causes of common back injuries

A

reduced lumbar lordosis, posterior pelvic tilt, anterior pelvic tilt

112
Q

reduced lumbar lordosis

A

associated with increases in lbp and increased risk of disc disease

113
Q

posterior pelvic tilt

A

associated with lumbar spinal flexion and decreased lordosis, moves disc posteriorly

114
Q

anterior pelvic tilt

A

associated with lumbar spinal extension and increased lordosis, moves disc anteriorly

115
Q

predictors of lower back pain

A

there is no general consensus regarding causality of physical exposures to lower back pain

116
Q

recommendations for lower back pain

A
  1. eliminate the cause
  2. education
  3. exercise
  4. rest and relaxation
  5. psychotherapeutic
117
Q

principles of good body mechanics

A
  1. maintain good alignment of head and neck
  2. maintain stable base of support- feet shoulder width
  3. maintain proper pelvic tilt for position or task
118
Q

lifting basics

A
  1. test the load
  2. push before pulling, pull before lifting
  3. position spine in neutral alignment, brace your core
  4. bend knees and hips together
  5. keep object close to body
  6. pivot instead of twisting, twist from the hips
119
Q

types of lifts

A

stoop, squat, diagonal, golfer

120
Q

stoop lift

A

avoid using, longer resistance arm

121
Q

body mechanics for lifting

A
  1. apart
  2. pivot
  3. plan and practice
  4. legs
  5. approach
  6. up
  7. stomach
  8. easy
122
Q

how do you correct slouched sitting?

A

slightly lift the ribcage and roll the pelvis forward, use a lumbar pad

123
Q

AOTA guidelines for carrying a backpack

A
  1. use 2 straps
  2. use padded straps and waist belt
  3. keep weight close to body near hips and pelvic area
124
Q

loading/ unloading a car

A
  1. bend at the knees and hips, not back
  2. keep chest lifted
  3. pull out seat to keep anterior pelvic tilt
  4. get close to load
125
Q

ergonomics

A
  • science of designing the job to fit the worker
  • achieved through adapting tasks, work stations, tools used to reduce stress on the workers body
  • method to eliminate the risk of work related musculoskeletal disorders
126
Q

MSD

A

responsible for 1/3 of all work related injuries

127
Q

MSD physical risk factors

A
  1. inappropriate posture
  2. repetitive motions
  3. duration and frequency
  4. lifting heavy or awkward items
  5. using excessive force
128
Q

proper computer station setup

A
  1. back supported while maintaining natural curves, head over shoulders, chin level slightly down, eyes level with top of monitor
  2. feet supported, knees bent to 90 degrees, hips at 90-110 degrees, seat pan ends 3 inches from back of knee
  3. arms at side, elbows 90 degrees or more, wrists neutral, monitor arms length away
129
Q

reducing eye strain

A

enlarge text, limit glare from the screen, take breaks every 20 minutes

130
Q

reducing physical strain

A

avoid contact stress, take movement breaks, vary physical position, keep items close

131
Q

examples of tools to reduce work related risk

A

external keyboard and mouse, laptop riser, footstool, keyboard tray, anti fatigue mat

132
Q

common ergonomic assessments

A

NIOSH, rapid upper limb assessment, strain index scoring sheet, rapid office strain assessment

133
Q

sections of a ROSA

A

chair, monitor and phone, mouse and keyboard

134
Q

parts of ROSA chair section

A
  1. chair height
  2. pan depth
  3. armrests
  4. back support

Movement and Structure (4 decks)

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