Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Biomechanical Frame of Reference
A
uses anatomy, kinesiology, kinematics as foundation for reasoning
2
Q
When are biomechanical FOR usually used?
A
restorative approaches
intervention to support occupation
3
Q
examples of biomechanical FOR
A
splinting, stretching, exercise
4
Q
Rehabilitative FOR
A
focus on the client returning to participation in activities with current abilities
5
Q
rehab FOR is most often used when?
A
compensatory approaches, occupations and training
6
Q
Planes of movement
A
sagittal, frontal, transverse
7
Q
sagittal plane
A
divide body into left and right
flexion and extension
8
Q
frontal plane
A
divides into front and back
abduction and adduction
9
Q
transverse plane
A
divides into top and bottom
rotation
10
Q
what plane is the vertical axis in
A
transverse
11
Q
what plane is the frontal axis in
A
sagittal
12
Q
what plane is the sagittal axis in
A
frontal
13
Q
kinesiology
A
study of movement and forces involved
14
Q
kinematics
A
study of motion in terms of mechanical elements
15
Q
arthrokinematics
A
internal joint patterns, involve accessory motions that cant be achieved by voluntary muscle force
16
Q
closed chain motion
A
proximal joint moving in relation to a fixed distal segment
promote stability
17
Q
examples of closed chain actions
A
pushing a stroller, push-ups, bending down to grab a box
18
Q
open chain motion
A
distal portion of limb is moving allowing joints to move independently and with each other.
promote mobility
19
Q
examples of open chain actions
A
hitting a tennis ball, playing the violin
20
Q
isometric contraction
A
no change in muscle length
21
Q
concentric contraction
A
muscle shortens
22
Q
eccentric contraction
A
muscle lengthens
23
Q
velocity
A
speed + direction
24
Q
momentum
A
(Mass)(Velocity)
25
inertia
an object's resistance to change in its state
proportional to mass
26
newtons laws
inertia, acceleration, action and reaction
27
law of acceleration
acceleration is proportional to force and inverse to mass
28
law of action and reaction
every action has an opposite reaction of equal strength
29
linear force
all forces in same line of pull
produces tension and compression
30
shear force
forces acting parallel across each other
can cause tissue damage
31
force couple
several forces working in opposite lines of pull
creates a rotary force
32
resultant force
net result of multiple forces acting on the same point
33
how do you find the resultant force
parallelogram technique
34
torque
rotation of an object about an axis
35
what is torque influenced by
amount of force, moment arm
36
torque equation
(amount of force)(moment arm)
37
moment arm
perpendicular distance between the axis and force
38
mechanical advantage
effort arm / resistance arm
39
if MA is >1
increased advantage
40
if ma <1
decreased advantage
41
first class lever
axis is between effort and resistance
least common in the body
42
second class lever
resistance is between the effort and axis
effort arm always longer than resistance arm
43
third class lever
effort is between the axis and resistance
resistance arm always longer than effort arm
most common in the body
44
fixed pulley
changes the direction of a force
45
functions of the head, neck, and trunk
stability for distal mobility, mobility, transmits and distributes loads
46
total amount of flexion in cervical spine
40-50 degrees
47
total amount of flexion in thoracic spine
30-40 degrees
48
total amount of flexion in lumbar spine
45-55 degrees
49
total amount of extension in cervical spine
75-85 degrees
50
total amount of extension in thoracic spine
15-20 degrees
51
total amount of extension in lumbar spine
15-25 degrees
52
total amount of cervical rotation
80 degrees
53
total amount of rotation in thoracic spine
25-35 degrees extension
54
total amount of rotation in lumbar spine
5-7 degrees flexion
55
total amount of cervical lateral flexion
40 degrees
56
total amount of thoracic lateral flexion
20-30 degrees
57
total amount of lumbar lateral flexion
20 degrees
58
protraction
capital extension and cervical flexion
59
retraction
capital flexion and cervical extension
60
muscles for capital flexion
bilateral contraction of capital flexors
61
capital flexors
rectus capitis anterior, rectus capitis lateralis, longus capitis muscles
62
muscles for cervical flexion
bilateral contraction of sternocleidomastoid, anterior scalene, longus Colli
63
muscles for capital extension
bilateral contraction of posterior capitis muscles
64
muscles for cervical extension
bilateral contraction of cervicis muscles, levator scapulae, upper trapezius
65
muscles for cervical rotation
unilateral contraction of sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, splenii
66
muscles for lateral flexion
unilateral contraction of sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, splenii
67
abdominal muscles
produce flexion, lateral flexion, rotation of abdomen
support abdominal viscera
increase intrathoracic and intra-abdominal pressure
68
muscles for trunk flexion
rectus abdominis, bilateral contraction of obliques, iliopsoas
69
trunk flexion example
sitting up from bed
70
muscles for trunk extension
bilateral contraction of thoracic and lumbar erector spinae, multifidi, rotores, quadratus lumborum
71
trunk extension example
standing at the sink to do self care
72
muscles for trunk rotation
unilateral contraction of internal obliques, external obliques
73
muscles for trunk lateral flexion
unilateral contraction of erector spinae, internal and external obliques, quadratus lumborum
74
inspiration
diaphragm, external intercostals, scalenes
75
primary inspiration muscles
diaphragm, intercostals, scalenes
76
diaphragm in inspiration
increased vertical diameter of thorax, elevate the lower ribs, massage internal organs, c4 innervation
77
intercostals in inspiration
elevate and stabilize the ribs
78
scalenes in inspiration
elevate the ribs and sternum
79
muscles of forced exhalation
rectus abdominis, obliques, internal intercostals
80
pelvic floor
bowel and urinary continence and movement, manage intra-abdominal pressure, relax with inhalation and contract with exhalation
81
posture
position of your body parts in relation to another
82
postural control
controls the body's orientation in space, stabilizes the head with respect to the vertical plane, maintains the body's center of gravity over its base of support, facilitates vital and organ functions
83
components of postural control
stability: ability to maintain ones COG within BOS
orientation: relationships with the body and environment when completing tasks
84
base of support
region bounded by body parts in contact with a support surface, the bigger the BOS the higher the stability
85
center of gravity
imaginary point where the weight of the person is equally distributed left to right and top to bottom
86
line of gravity
line thru the head, torso, and cog to the ground, represents the direction of gravity on the body
87
COG and BOS
the lower the cog to the bos, the higher the stability
88
optimal position for stability
cog is right over the bos
89
balance strategies in standing
1. ankle: rocks forward on toes or back on heels
2. hip: moves in the opposite direction of the ankle
3. trunk: bends
4. stepping: one or multi steps
5. grasping: of nearby surfaces
90
neutral pelvic tilt
asis and psis are parallel to eachother, in line
91
anterior pelvic tilt
asis moves forward and psis moves backward, both move downward
92
posterior pelvic tilt
asis moves backwards and psis moves upward and anterior
93
standing posture
neutral alignment of joints with line of gravity, level pelvis supporting curvature of the spine, upper body vertically balanced above pelvis
94
key anatomical landmarks the LOG passes thru
ear and mastoid process, just anterior to shoulder joint, just posterior to hip joint, just posterior to center of knee, just anterior to front of ankle
95
muscles of standing posture
back extensors, hip extensors, hip flexors, abdominals
96
kyphosis lordosis posture
anterior pelvic tilt, lumbar lordosis, thoracic kyphosis, cervical protraction
97
muscular changes in kyphosis lordosis
1. tight and short hip flexors, lumbar cervical spine
2. elongated and weak hip extensors, hamstrings, erector spinae, abdominals
98
swayback posture
posterior pelvic tilt, anterior displacement of the pelvis
99
muscular changes in swayback
1. tight and short hip extensors, hamstrings, cervical flexors
2. elongated and weak erector spinae, abdominals, hip flexors
100
flatback posture
posterior pelvic tilt, decreased lumbar lordosis, flat thoracic spine, increased cervical protraction
101
muscle changes in flatback
1. tight and short hip extensors, hamstrings
2. elongated and weak hip flexors
102
intervertebral joints
2 facet, 1 interbody
103
nucleus pulposus
displaces to accomodate movement
104
annulus fibrosis
limits displacement and stabilizes the disc
105
intervertebral ligaments
anterior longitudinal ligament
posterior longitudinal ligament
interspinous ligament, ligamentum flavum, intertransverse ligament
106
body mechanics
the art of distributing work over several sets of muscles and using the most efficient ones
107
purpose of body mechanics
conserve energy, preserve equilibrium, minimizes forces on joints
108
common back conditions
1. muscle guarding and spasms
2. disc strain or bulge
3. disc herniation
4. thinning discs
5. acute strains or sprains
6. joint stiffness
7. osteoarthritis
109
prevalence of lower back pain
1 on 12 people
110
highest LBP by job
nursing and care centers: 10.65%
111
postural causes of common back injuries
reduced lumbar lordosis, posterior pelvic tilt, anterior pelvic tilt
112
reduced lumbar lordosis
associated with increases in lbp and increased risk of disc disease
113
posterior pelvic tilt
associated with lumbar spinal flexion and decreased lordosis, moves disc posteriorly
114
anterior pelvic tilt
associated with lumbar spinal extension and increased lordosis, moves disc anteriorly
115
predictors of lower back pain
there is no general consensus regarding causality of physical exposures to lower back pain
116
recommendations for lower back pain
1. eliminate the cause
2. education
3. exercise
4. rest and relaxation
5. psychotherapeutic
117
principles of good body mechanics
1. maintain good alignment of head and neck
2. maintain stable base of support- feet shoulder width
3. maintain proper pelvic tilt for position or task
118
lifting basics
1. test the load
2. push before pulling, pull before lifting
3. position spine in neutral alignment, brace your core
4. bend knees and hips together
5. keep object close to body
6. pivot instead of twisting, twist from the hips
119
types of lifts
stoop, squat, diagonal, golfer
120
stoop lift
avoid using, longer resistance arm
121
body mechanics for lifting
1. apart
2. pivot
3. plan and practice
4. legs
5. approach
6. up
7. stomach
8. easy
122
how do you correct slouched sitting?
slightly lift the ribcage and roll the pelvis forward, use a lumbar pad
123
AOTA guidelines for carrying a backpack
1. use 2 straps
2. use padded straps and waist belt
3. keep weight close to body near hips and pelvic area
124
loading/ unloading a car
1. bend at the knees and hips, not back
2. keep chest lifted
3. pull out seat to keep anterior pelvic tilt
4. get close to load
125
ergonomics
- science of designing the job to fit the worker
- achieved through adapting tasks, work stations, tools used to reduce stress on the workers body
- method to eliminate the risk of work related musculoskeletal disorders
126
MSD
responsible for 1/3 of all work related injuries
127
MSD physical risk factors
1. inappropriate posture
2. repetitive motions
3. duration and frequency
4. lifting heavy or awkward items
5. using excessive force
128
proper computer station setup
1. back supported while maintaining natural curves, head over shoulders, chin level slightly down, eyes level with top of monitor
2. feet supported, knees bent to 90 degrees, hips at 90-110 degrees, seat pan ends 3 inches from back of knee
3. arms at side, elbows 90 degrees or more, wrists neutral, monitor arms length away
129
reducing eye strain
enlarge text, limit glare from the screen, take breaks every 20 minutes
130
reducing physical strain
avoid contact stress, take movement breaks, vary physical position, keep items close
131
examples of tools to reduce work related risk
external keyboard and mouse, laptop riser, footstool, keyboard tray, anti fatigue mat
132
common ergonomic assessments
NIOSH, rapid upper limb assessment, strain index scoring sheet, rapid office strain assessment
133
sections of a ROSA
chair, monitor and phone, mouse and keyboard
134
parts of ROSA chair section
1. chair height
2. pan depth
3. armrests
4. back support
