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Animal Biology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

A group of similarly constructed organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring

A

Species

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2
Q

All of the members of the same species occupying a given location

A

Population

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3
Q

All of the different species occupying a given location

A

Community

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4
Q

Interactions between organisms and non-living components of their environment

A

Ecosystem

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5
Q

Region of earth capable of supporting life

A

Biosphere

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6
Q

Smallest unit of life

A

Cell

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7
Q

Smallest unit of matter which cannot be divided by normal chemical physical means

A

Atom

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8
Q

Two or more atoms joined together

A

Molecule

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9
Q

The 8 characteristics of living things

A

-organization
-homeostasis
-metabolism
-growth
-development
-reproduction
-evolve
-respond to external stimuli

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10
Q

The identification, description, and naming of species

A

Taxonomy

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11
Q

Define the three domains of life

A

-Eukaryote
-Archaea
-Bacteria

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12
Q

Which domain of life includes humans?

A

Eukaryote

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13
Q

Which domain of life includes extremophiles?

A

Archaea

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14
Q

List the correct order for the 8 taxonomic ranks.

A

-Domain
-Kingdom
-Phylum
-Class
-Order
-Family
-Genus
-Species
(Dumb King Phillip Came Over From Great Spain)

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15
Q

___ ___ is each species’ unique scientific name

A

Genus + Species

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16
Q

The ___ ___ is a stepwise procedure followed to collect reliable information about the natural world

A

Scientific Method

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17
Q

Define Control Group

A

Not subjected to experiment variable

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18
Q

Define test group (independent variable)

A

Subjected to variable being tested

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19
Q

Define hypothesis

A

Plausible explanation for your observation; must be testable

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20
Q

Define theory

A

Broad explanation of an aspect of the natural world; lots of evidence, can’t be proven true

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21
Q

List the 6 step of the Scientific Method

A

-Observation
-Hypothesis
-Experimentation
-Data analysis
-Conclusion
-Theory

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22
Q

The __ variable is the variable that is manipulated during an experiment and plotted on the __ axis. The __ variable is the results and is plotted on the __ axis.

A

Independent, X
Dependent, Y

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23
Q

What is a pure chemical substance consisting of atoms with the same number of protons in their nuclei?

A

Element

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24
Q

The number of protons an atom contains is called the __ __.

A

Atomic number

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25
Q

What are the charges and locations of Protons?

A

Positive
Found in the nucleus

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26
Q

What are the charges and locations of a Neutron?

A

Neutral
Found in the Nucleus

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27
Q

What are the charges and locations of a Electron?

A

Negative
Orbits around nucleus

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28
Q

Atoms of the same element with different number of neutrons are?

A

Isotope

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29
Q

Electrons in the outmost shell are known as __ __.

A

Valence Electron

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30
Q

What does the Octet Rule state and what is the exception to it?

A

Atoms are most stable with 8 electrons in the outermost shell.
Exceptions: hydrogen and helium(only one shell)

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31
Q

Ionic bonds are bonds in which atoms ___ or __ electrons to satisfy the Octet Rule. The bond involves a positively charged __ and a negatively charged __.

A

Donate; Accept;
Cation; Anion

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32
Q

Define covalent bonds. Are they stronger or weaker than ionic

A

Share electrons;
strong

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33
Q

What are the two types of covalent bonds and which develop partial charges?

A

Non-polar: equal sharing, no partial charges
Polar: unequal sharing, partial charges

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34
Q

What are hydrogen bonds and how strong are they?

A

Weak chemical attractions between partial positively charged Hydrogen atoms of one molecule and a partial negatively charged atom of another polar molecule.

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35
Q

Name the 6 properties of water.

A

-Solvent
-High surface tension
-Ice floats
-High Heat of Vaporization
-Liquid at Room Temperature
-High Specific Heat

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36
Q

Define solvent

A

H2O molecules are dipolar which means most things can dissolve in it

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37
Q

Define high surface tension

A

Attraction between molecules at surface of a liquid

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38
Q

Define Ice Floats

A

Frozen water is less dense than liquid water so ice floats

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39
Q

Define High Heat of Vaporization

A

Takes 5 times as much energy to vaporize water than to raise it from zero degrees Celsius to 100 degrees Celsius

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40
Q

Define Liquid at Room Temperature

A

Water is liquid between 0 and 100 degrees centrigrade

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41
Q

Define High Specific Heat

A

The amount of heat energy that must be lost to lower the temp by one degree Celsius

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42
Q

What does the pH scale measure?

A

It measures the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.

43
Q

What does the pH of a solution affect?

A

It affects shape and function of molecules, chemical reactions rates, ability of molecules to bind together, and ability of ions/molecules to dissolve in water.

44
Q

pH < 7

A

Acidic

45
Q

pH = 7

A

Neutral

46
Q

pH > 7

A

Basic

47
Q

What is a buffer?

A

Form bonds with many other atoms; strong, stable bonds with other Carbon atoms, short distance between Carbon atoms

48
Q

What is the difference between a dehydration reaction and a hydrolytic reaction?

A

Dehydration: removal of water, joins molecules
Hydrolytic: addition of water to break molecules

49
Q

The four organic macromolecules are __, __, __, and __

A

Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates

50
Q

Sugars and starches that function as structural elements, energy sources and recognition sites on membrane surfaces are

A

Carbohydrates

51
Q

What are the functions of Carbohydrates?(3)

A

structural elements, energy sources, and recognition sites on membrane surfaces

52
Q

Define Monosaccharides and give examples

A

Simple sugars (glucose, fructose, galactose)

53
Q

Define disaccharides and give examples

A

2 monosaccharides linked (sucrose, lactose, maltose)

54
Q

Define Polysaccharides and give examples

A

Long chain of monosaccharides (glycogen, cellulose, starch)

55
Q

Proteins are composed of __

A

Amino acids

56
Q

List the functions of proteins (7)

A

-Structural
-Transport
-Enzymes
-Body defense
-Cell signaling
-Gene expression
-Regulation

57
Q

What are the levels of protein organization?

A

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary

58
Q

Do lipids dissolve in water?

A

No

59
Q

What are the functions of lipids? (5)

A

-Primary component of biological membranes
-Hormones
-Energy
-Body Contour
-Insulation

60
Q

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated triglyceride?

A

Saturated: solid at room temperature; ex. butter
Unsaturated: liquid at room temperature; ex. corn oil, sunflower oil

61
Q

The head of phospholipids is __ and the tail is __

A

Polar; Non-polar

62
Q

What are alcohols with fat like properties and what are some examples?

A

Steroids
(Ex. Cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen)

63
Q

What are the functions of Nucleic Acids?

A

-Storage
-Expression
-Transmission of genetic information

64
Q

List difference between DNA and RNA

A

DNA: double stranded helix; stores/encodes instruction for hereditable traits
RNA: single stranded helix; copy instructions for protein synthesis, translate code in DNA

65
Q

What organelle is selectively permeable and regulates movements into/out of the cell?

A

Plasma Membrane

66
Q

The nucleus stores __. The __ __ defines boundaries of the nucleus. The __ __ allow molecules to pass in/out of nucleus. Ribosomes components are made in __.

A

DNA: Nuclear Envelope; Nuclear Pores; Nucleolus

67
Q

What is the difference between rough ER and smooth ER?

A

Rough; Ribosomes, Protein Synthesis
Smooth: No Ribosomes, lipid synthesis

68
Q

The __ __ is a stack of flattened membranes that receives products synthesized in the ER; sorts, modifies, and packages products

A

Golgi Apparatus

69
Q

A __ is a membrane bound sac that is responsible for storage, transport, detoxification, and digestion

A

Vescicle

70
Q

A __ digests worn out cell parts, pathogens, and debris

A

Lysosome

71
Q

A __ responsible for detoxification of harmful substances

A

Peroxisome

72
Q

What is the difference in flagella and cilia?

A

Flagella: movement of entire cell. Ex. Sperm
Cilia: in humans, move material across the surface

73
Q

The organelle that maintains cell shape is the __

A

cytoskeleton

74
Q

Diffusion is the random movement of molecules from __ concentration to a __ concentration

A

Higher: Lower

75
Q

Does diffusion require energy?

A

No

76
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

77
Q

Describe the difference between hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions.

A

-Hypertonic Solution: increase in solute and decrease in water than cells (water leaves cells causing crenation (shriveling) )
-Hypotonic Solution: Decrease in solute and increase in water than cells (Water enters cells causing lysis (swelling) and possible hemolysis (bursting)
-isotonic Solution: same amount of solute and water than cells (cell shape not altered)

78
Q

__ __ moves from higher concentration to lower and requires a carrier protein but no energy

A

Facilitated Transport

79
Q

__ __ moves from lower concentration to higher and requires carrier protein and energy

A

Active Transport

80
Q

What is the difference between Endocytosis and Exocytosis?

A

Endocytosis: transport of molecules into the cell
Exocytosis: transport of molecules out of the cell

81
Q

A group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function

A

Tissue

82
Q

The __ covers body surfaces and lines body cavities.

A

Epithelium

83
Q

Extremely flat cells

A

Squamous

84
Q

Cells as tall as they are wide

A

Cuboidal

85
Q

Cells taller than they are wide

A

Columnar

86
Q

Single layer of cells is known as __

A

Simple

87
Q

Two or more layers of cells is known as __

A

Stratified

88
Q

What are the two types of glands in the glandular epithelium.

A

Exocrine: has ducts to transport secretions
Endocrine: no ducts, uses blood to transport

89
Q

This type of tissue bind structures together, protection, support, insulation of body, and helps with transport of vital materials

A

Connective Tissue

90
Q

Define Fibroblasts

A

Most common connective cell tissue, secretes fibers and matrix

91
Q

Define Macrophages

A

Connective cell tissue that absorbs bacteria and other small cells and particles (phagocytes)

92
Q

Define Plasma Cells

A

Connective cell tissue that secretes antibodies

93
Q

Define Leukocytes

A

Connective cells tissue provides protection from disease-causing agents

94
Q

Define Mast Cells

A

Connective cell tissue that mediate the inflammatory response (sends white blood cells)

95
Q

Secreted by connective cells and has great tensile strength

A

Connective tissue fibers

96
Q

Can be stretched to 150% of original length without breaking

A

Elastic fibers

97
Q

A type of collagen fiber

A

Reticular Fibers

98
Q

What type of muscle tissue is associated with the skeleton?

A

Skeletal

99
Q

What type of muscle tissue is found in the myocardium of the heart?

A

Cardiac

100
Q

What type of muscle tissue is found in the walls of organs and glands?

A

Smooth

101
Q

Define Neuron Cells

A

Found in the Nervous tissue
Only cell in nervous system capable of conducting nerve impulses
Structural and functional unit of nervous system

102
Q

Define Glial Cells

A

Found in nervous tissue
Provide support for neurons

103
Q

The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom

A

Atomic Mass

Animal Biology (2 decks)

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