exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
smallest form of matter that makes up atoms
A
subatomic particals (protons, neutrons, electrons)
2
Q
organelles
A
the organs that make up CELLS surrounded by a solution called cytosol
3
Q
define “species”
A
group of similar organisms that can create offspring whom may also reproduce
4
Q
emergent properties
A
levels of organization
cellular lvl
organismal lvl
populational lvl
5
Q
cell theory
A
organisms are made up of one or more cells, cells are made of preexisting cells dividing into new cells
6
Q
metabolism
A
all chemical reactions of an organism
7
Q
anabolic reactions
A
consume energy to build complex molecules from simple ones
ex, photosynthesis
8
Q
catabolic reactions
A
release energy from complex molectules (amino acids) by breaking them down
9
Q
homeostasis
A
ability for an organism to maintain stable inside environment
ex regulating temp
10
Q
binomial
A
two names: GENUS and SPECIES
11
Q
taxonomy
A
grouping species together
12
Q
who employed scientific method?
A
Francesco Redi
13
Q
C
A
carbon
14
Q
N
A
nitrogen
15
Q
H
A
hydrogen
16
Q
S
A
sulfer
17
Q
P
A
phosphorus
18
Q
Na
A
sodium
19
Q
K
A
potassium
20
Q
Ca
A
calcium
21
Q
Fe
A
iron
22
Q
Cl
A
chlorine
23
Q
element
A
substance cannot be further broken down by chemical reaction
24
Q
compound
A
2 or more elements combines in a fixed ratio
25
what tell you the amount of electrons in an atom?
atomic number
26
what is mass number?
protons + neutrons in an atom
27
isotopes
2 atoms of same element that have same # of protons and different # of neutrons
28
what forms chemical bonds?
electrons
29
ionic bonds
when atoms gain or lose electrons in order to fill energy shells
ex
Na loses e-,filled outer shell is Na+
Cl gains to fill outer level becomes Cl-
30
covalent bonds
two atoms sharing electrons to become stable
31
polar covalent bonds
atoms dont share electron equally
ex O- — H+
NEEDY OXYGEN SMH
32
nompolar covalent bonds
share electrons equally
ex O = O
:)
33
chemical reaction
making or breaking bonds to form new ones
34
solutions
solute, solvent, solution
sodium, water, dissolvent
35
what kind of bonds does water have?
polar covalent bonds
36
what happens to water when it freezes?
water expands, ice is less dense than water bc molecules are spaced out
37
hydrophillic
water loving uwu <3
38
cohesive
2 of same things stick together
ex water bonds
39
adhesive
2 diff things stick together
40
hydrophobic effect
oil n water dont mix bruv
41
acids vs. bases and H+
acids increase H+
bases decrease H+
42
pH acidic vs. basic?
lower pH is acidic
higher pH is basic
43
catalysis
speeds up chemical reactions
44
buffers
molecules resist change in pH when acid or base is added
45
biological molecules are made up of...
monomers (building blocks)
polymers (chains of building blocks)
46
dehydration synthesis reactions
smaller biomolecules built/created into larger biomolecules
47
hydrolysis reactions
breaking down larger biomolecules to smaller biomolecules
48
4 types of macromolecules
protien, nucleic acids, carbs, lipids
49
carbohydrates can be either...
sugars or polymers of sugars
50
monosaccharides make up larger...
carbohydrates (building blocks)
51
cellular respiration
releasing of energy when glucose is broken apart
52
sucrose is made up of...
glucose and fructose
53
disaccharides are...
sugars made of 2 monosaccharide subunits
54
storage polysaccharides
long polymers of glucose subunits used to sotee energy
55
structoral polysaccharides
provide support and protection
ex cellulose
56
lipids
hydrophobic molecules bc they contain few polar covalent bonds, they are also energy storage compounds
57
phospholipids (hydrophillic)
come together in water to form cell membranes
58
cholesterol
can be chemically modified to become important hormones
59
protiens are ___ and ___ are amino acides
polymers, monomers
60
protiens regulate
catalysis and cellular chemical reactions
61
protiens are also called
polypeptides
62
protien function is directly dependent on
sequence of amino acids
63
denaturation
any alteration of a polypeptides structure, causes loss of function in protien
64
nucleic acid
(a polymer) made up of a chain of nucleotides (monomers)
65
nucleotides have 3 groups
phosphate group
pentose sugar
nitrogenous base
66
ATP
energy released when molecule is broken down (ADP)
67
prokaryotes
bacteria, NO NUCLEUS
68
eukaryotes
organisms, YES NUCLEUS
69
phospholipids structure organized as...
lipid bilayer with transmembrane protiens inserted
70
nuclear envelope
2 bilayer membranes surrounding the nucleus
71
nuclear pores
controlled passage allows large molecules, mRNA and genes to pass
72
nucleolus
rhibosomes are made, protien synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm
73
ER stands for...
endoplasmic reticulum
74
where is ER and what does it do
to make protiens... these membranes are attached to the nuvlear envelope
75
smooth ER
breaks down large carbs, makes fats from carbs, does NOT make protien
76
rough ER
covered w rhibosomes, makes protien
77
golgi apparatus
modifies, sorts, and ships protiens
"amazon prime of cell protien"
78
lysosomes
buds off golgi, enzymes surround and digest protiens, fats, and worn out organelles
79
peroxisomes
dangerous to the cell so they are surrounded in peroxisome membrane
80
cholorplasts
where photosynthesis occurs
81
chlorophyll
gives plants green color and captures light energy
82
thylakoid disks
"coins" that contain chlorophyll
83
stroma
where CO2 is converted to sugar
84
mitochondria
is the powerhouse of a cell
jk it turns sugar into ATP through chemical reactions (cellular respiration)
85
inner membrane of the mitochondria is called
matrix
86
actin filliments
contract mucle cells which allow movement for non muscle cells
87
microtubules
are made of tubulin and help move organelles around the cell
88
cilia and flagella
aid cell movement that have a core of microtubules
89
centrioles vs. chloroplasts
animals, plants
90
what expands and shinks in reaction to water (plant cell)
central vacuole
91
phospholipids
lipid bilayer with transmembrane protiens inserted
92
diffusion
tendancy of a group of particles to spread out evenly
93
how do solutes diffuse?
high solute concentration to low solute concentration
94
simple diffusion
diffusion over a LIPID part of a membrane
95
what solutes cross easily over a membrane?
nonpolar solutes, smaller cross faster than large
96
facilitated diffusion
diffusion through protiens that aid passage
97
channels and transporters
travel protiens that facilitate diffusion
channels are quick
transporters are slower
98
water flows from what concentration?
high to low
99
active transport
NOT DIFFUSION. transports solutes against gradient, requires energy
100
exocytosis
sends stuff outside of cell
101
phagocytosis
brings large particle into cell to be destroyed
102
2nd law of thermodynamics (wtf)
every energy transformation/transfer increases entropy in the universe.
(entropy is useless energy)
103
are exergonic reactions spontaneous or nah?
they are gang
104
are endergonic reactions spontaneous or nah?
nah. (nonspontaneous)
105
energy coupling
exergonic reacts and the energy helps endergonic go brrrr
106
speed of spontaneous reactions?
sLOOOOW. they are blocked by energy barrier idk why
107
enzymes are...
protien catalysts. protien synthesis go brr
108
activation energy
energy barrier that wont get tf outta the way for protien catalysts
109
are enzymes specific
OCD specific 💅
110
substrates
the chemicals enzymes act on (reactants)?
111
active site
where substrates interact with enzymes
112
formula for glucose
C6 H12 O6
113
cholorplasts are found in ___ cells
mesophyll
114
openings in leaves where CO2 and O2 enter/exit
stomata
115
chloropyll absorbs ___ light and reflects ___ light
red and blue, green
116
light reactions produce ___ and ___
NADPH and ATP
117
calvin cycle occurs in
the stroma
118
chemiosmosis
pumps H+ uphill using energy and when ut fliws down releases energy
119
glycolysis
occurs in cytoplasm, converts 1 glucose to 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH
120
pyruvate oxidation
occurs after pyruvate enters matrix
input 2 pyruvate
->2 acetyl CoA, 2 NADH, 2 CO2
121
citric acid cycle
occurs in matrix
input 2 Acetyl CoA
-> 6 NADH, 2 FADH², 2 ATP, 4 CO²
122
oxidative phosphorylation
using electeons transportation chain to make ATP
occurs in inner membrane
123
1 NAHD turns into how much ATP?
3 ATP
124
total ATP from converting 1 glucose?
36 ATP
125
fermentation
ATP generation without O2, less effective
126
epidermal cells (plant)
secretes cuticle , waxy barrier prevents water loss
127
root hairs
do NOT secrete cuticle, must allow water through
128
transpiration
water loss theough stomata
129
vascular tissues (plant)
xylem and phloem
130
xylem
conducts water and minerals up from soil... wood is xylem
131
lignin
makes up xylem walls, sturdy material
132
phloem
food conducting cells, transports carbs
133
monocots vs. eudicots
EUDICOTS CAME FIRST
134
apical meristems
carry out primary growtg TALL
135
zone of cell division
root apical meristem
136
pholem sap flow is powered by ATP
