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Plant Pathology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

disease

A

abnormal functioning of an organism

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2
Q

characteristics of disease

A

-injurious (causes harm to plant)
-progressive

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3
Q

plant disease triangle

A

-susceptible plant
-pathogen capable of disease
-favorable environment

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4
Q

symptoms

A

expression of disease by a plant as a response to activities of a pathogen

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5
Q

biotic agents

A

living agents including pathogens

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6
Q

abiotic agents

A

non living agents

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7
Q

pathogens

A

organisms that cause disease in living host
-include fungi, virus, bacteria, nematodes

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8
Q

infectious

A

transmitted from 1 plant to another

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9
Q

pathogen signs

A

pathogen structures or products on or in diseased plants

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10
Q

fungi signs

A

spores and fruiting bodies

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11
Q

bacteria signs

A

bacterial ooze

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12
Q

virus signs

A

inclusion bodies

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13
Q

nematode signs

A

can be extracted from the roots or soil

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14
Q

host range

A

set of species in which pathogen can cause disease

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15
Q

abiotic agents

A

-non infectious
-could be damage from herbicide, fertilizer, heat/cold
-symptoms all the same on all plant species in area
-no pathogen signs

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16
Q

environmental factors

A

-recent temps
-rainfall or irrigation
-light or shade
-soil characteristics, like ph or soil type
-fertilizers, herbicides, fungicides, etc
-presence of other organisms

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17
Q

saprophytes

A

organisms that obtain their nutrients from dead organic matter

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18
Q

biotrophs

A

-obligate parasites
-have narrow host range
-cannot grow as saprophytes
-attack healthy host tissue at any stage
-kill host cells slowly
-penetrate directly via natural openings
-mildews, rusts, virus, nematodes

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19
Q

necrotrophs

A

-bacterial fungi
-have wide host range
-can grow as saprophytes
-attack young, weak, or senescent tissues
-kill host cells rapidly by producing toxins or enzymes
-penetrate through wounds or natural openings
-anthracnose, cankers, fruit rot, leaf spots and blights, root rot, vascular wilt

20
Q

hemibiotrophs

A

-live part of cycle in living tissue and then kill plant and continue to live in dead tissue
-ex. Phytophora infestans

21
Q

stages in disease cycle

A

inoculation
penetration
infection
growth and reproduction
dispersal of pathogen
survival of pathogen

22
Q

inoculation

A

-primary inoculum: initiates infection (first step in disease cycle)
-secondary inoculum: 2nd set of inoculation that occurs at later stage of disease cycle

23
Q

penetration

A

-direct penetration: pathogen creates entry point using structures (appressoria and haustoria (teeth))
-penetration through wounds
-through natural openings (stomata, lenticels, hydathodes)

24
Q

infection

A

-establishment of pathogen within host cells to obtain nutrients
-infection courts: where infection starts
-successful infection will produce symptoms
-incubation period: time interval between inoculation and appearance of symptoms

25
Q

growth and reproduction

A

-pathogen grows and multiplies in infected host
-fungi: spores
-virus: replicate within cell
-nematodes: eggs

26
Q

dispersal of pathogen

A

-wind, rain, people, animals, insects, machinery
-spores of fungus can be dispersed through all methods

27
Q

plant pathology

A

study of what causes plant disease, why they occur, and how to control them

28
Q

ergotism

A

poisoning from ergot alkaloids

29
Q

ergot alkaloids

A

mycotoxins produced by fungus claviceps

30
Q

ergot symptoms

A

-presence of sclerotia instead of grains, produces ergot alkaloids that causes ergotism in humans
-caused by claviceps fungus
-host is rye

31
Q

coffee rust

A

-fungus hemilela vastatix
-affects arabica and robusta coffee
-lesions on leaves which affects photosynthesis
-severe defoliation can kill trees

32
Q

underdevelopment

A

-stunting of plants, leaves
-shortened internodes
-inadequate chlorophyll production
-caused by many types of pathogens

33
Q

overdevelopment

A

-overgrowth of leaf tissue causes thickening or distortion
-galls form on all plant parts, caused by many pathogens
-in roots: nematodes
-on stem: bacteria

34
Q

fungal leaf spots

A

-tissue necrosis
-usually round, not vein limited
-may have alternating zones of light/dark tissue
-sporulation or mycelia may be evident

35
Q

bacterial leaf spots

A

-tissue necrosis
-often dark and water soaked
-often vein limited, giving angular shape
-bacterial flow observed under microscope

36
Q

fruit rots

A

–tissue necrosis
-firm or soft and watery
-colors vary
-fungal sporulation may be present
-fungal and bacteria causes

37
Q

cankers

A

-tissue necrosis
-localized necrotic lesions
-sunken or swollen or both
-mainly caused by fungi and bacteria
-can be caused by mechanical injury

38
Q

root rots

A

-tissue necrosis
-root lesions
-darkening and softening of roots
-yellowing of foliage and stunting of plants
-fungal and bacterial causes

39
Q

blight

A

-tissue necrosis
-rapid and complete chlorosis, browning and then death of plant tissues
-fungal and bacterial causes

40
Q

damping off

A

-tissue necrosis
-rapid death of seedlings and cuttings
-stem infected at soil line, seedling topples
-caused mainly by fungus

41
Q

wilting

A

-response to disruption of transport of water in plant due to invasion of xylem or roots by phloem
-mainly fungal and bacterial causes

42
Q

mosaic

A

-caused by virus
-irregular patches of discolored tissue
-often with distortion to tissue

43
Q

ringspot

A

-on leaves and fruit
-distinct ring shaped lesions, often in concentric zones
-caused by viruses

44
Q

abiotic causes of change in appearance

A

-chemical damage and nutritional deficiencies

45
Q

symptom variability

A

-diseased plants may have more than one problem (and more than one pathogen)
-pathogens have varying levels of virulence
-environmental conditions can affect symptoms
-host genetics and physiology can affect symptoms (resistant, tolerant, or susceptible)

46
Q

fungal signs (more in depth)

A

-shape of fruiting body aids in fungal identification
-tissue location may help differentiate between species

Plant Pathology (4 decks)

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