Exam 1

Question 1

What is the ADA

Answer 1

American Dental Association
- has provided detailed infection control recommendations
- guides every dental program

Question 2

What is OSHA

Answer 2

-Occupational Safety & Health Administration
- makes laws to protect the workers of America from physical, chemical, and infectious hazards
- they also will hold inspections if a complaint has been filed

Ex: OSHA Bloodborne Pathogen Standard

Question 3

What is OSAP

Answer 3

-Organization for Safety, Asepsis & Prevention
-Premier Infection Control education organization in Dentistry
-they drive what we learn

Question 4

What is the FDA

Answer 4

-Food & Drug Administration
-Regulates medical equipment (gloves, masks, disinfectant, sterilizers etc.)

Question 5

What is the CDC

Answer 5

-Center for Disease Control & Prevention
-responsible for tracking diseases
-makes general infection control regulations

Question 6

What is the EPA

Answer 6

-Environmental Protection Agency
-ensures the proper handling of medical waste

Question 7

What are the 3 major components of an Exposure Control Plan

Answer 7

1. Exposure Determination (employees class determination)
2. Schedule of Implementation (how standards will be implemented)
3. Evaluation (investigation of exposure incident)

employer must have this written out

Question 8

What is OSHA’s Bloodborne Pathogen Standard

Answer 8

• the most important infection control law in Dentistry for the protection of workers
  -includes universal precautions, vaccinations, PPE, Engineering and Work Practice Controls

Question 9

What are standard precautions?

Answer 9

-precautions we take to protect ourselves as HC workers, we take these precautions in assumption that everyone we treat is diseased
- includes Universal Precautions (PPE) and additional precautions like sterilization

Question 10

What is an asymptomatic carrier?

Answer 10

-someone who harbors disease but does not display any symptoms or signs of illness; these carriers are still highly infectious
-this is why we take precautions the way we do

Question 11

what is virulence

Answer 11

the severity/harmfulness of a disease; the pathogenic properties of the invading microorganism

Question 12

What are the 4 stages of Disease?

Answer 12

Incubation- period from when it first enters the body to when the first symptom is shown
Prodromal- Early symptom stage
Acute- officially ill
Convalescent- recovery, symptoms begin to improve

Question 13

What are the 4 modes of disease transmission

Answer 13

Direct
indirect
droplet
aerosols

Question 14

what is direct transmission

Answer 14

• direct contact of blood/saliva in patients mouth to the operator

Ex: Gloves breaking while in patients mouth and operators finger contacts blood or saliva

Question 15

what is indirect transmission

Answer 15

comes from items that have been contaminated (fomites)
ex: touching an instrument with bare hands that has been contaminated

Question 16

what are droplets

Answer 16

somewhat large particles that are transmitted by close contact
ex: coughing on someone, sneezing on someone

Question 17

what are aerosols?

Answer 17

tiny particles that remain airborne, they can spread up to 5 ft can pass through most masks (except n95)

Question 18

What are the routes of entry of an infectious disease

Answer 18

-inhalation
-ingestion
-mucous membranes
-broken skin

Question 19

what are the 6 events required for the spread of an infection

Answer 19

1. pathogenic agent
   2.resevoir (blood, spit etc)
2. portal of exit (secretions, droplets etc.)
3. mode of spread (direct, indirect)
4. Portal of Entry (inhalation)
5. Susceptible Host

Question 20

What are the 3 basic factors in the development of an infectious disease

Answer 20

1. virulence (strength)
2. Dose (amount, number)
3. resistance (immunity, host defense)

Question 21

What are the 4 factors that alter host defenses

Answer 21

1. abnormal physical conditions (stress, lack of sleep)
2. Systemic Diseases
3. Drug Therapies (chemo)
4. Prosthetic implants/transplants

Question 22

What are the 6 different pathways for cross-contamination

Answer 22

patient to dental team (numerous opportunities)
dental team to patient (rare)
patient to patient(improperly cleaned instruments)
dental office to community (wearing contaminated scrubs in public)
community to patient (contaminated water in Dental unit)
dental team to family (wearing contaminated scrubs home )

Question 23

what is an endogenous infection

Answer 23

an infection caused by organisms that are found in the body but are typically not harmful; they are “acting up” in this case or have been triggered

Question 24

what is a nosocomial infection

Answer 24

a healthcare-acquired infection; received during the process of receiving healthcare

Question 25

what is an exogenous infection?

Answer 25

an infection caused by microorganisms outside the body; they have “contaminated” the body

Question 26

what is an opportunistic infection

Answer 26

an infection that will typically occur in people with weakened immune systems

Question 27

what is the goal of infection control?

Answer 27

to reduce the “dose” or amount of these infectious microorganisms from being spread or shared between individuals

more dose reduced=better chance of prevention

we are trying to break that chain of spread

Question 28

what are the 3 pathogenic activities that facilitate disease developement

Answer 28

1. enhancement of infection
2. interference with host defenses
3. direct damage to the body