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Diversity of Form and Function > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How do we classify organisms?

A
  • Similar features
  • Animal/Vegetable/or Mineral (Linnaeus divisions)
  • Microscopes (allows us to see microorganisms)
  • Kingdoms
  • Based on morphological features
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2
Q

Genetics allows for

A

an even more specific or accurate classification of organisms

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3
Q

the gold standard for classification of organisms

A

genomics

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4
Q

rRNA (ribosomal RNA)

A

The first widely compared sequences. Allowed us to compare morphological classification and rRNA for accuracy

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5
Q

Why is rRNA not the most accurate method of finding genetic similarity?

A
  • life depends on protein synthesis (needs ribosomes)
  • ribosomes are the site of proteins. synthesis and must function to make proteins (so if there is a mutation, the cell could become inactive/dead)
  • genes for ribosomal RNA evolve very slowly
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6
Q

3 major clades

A

Bacteria
Eukarya
Archaea

archaea and eukaryotes are more closely related

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7
Q

How do we know that Archaea and Eukarya are more closely related?

A

Bacteria and Archaea have morphological similarity, but when sequenced and/or subjected to drugs, Archaea and Eukarya show more similarities (genome and how they react to certain drugs)

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8
Q

Gram staining

A
  • subjected to violet, then red dye

- useful for identification but not for phylogenies

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9
Q

Gram positive

A

Cell wall takes up the violet dye

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10
Q

Gram negative

A

Cell wall is under an outer membrane and appears pink from the red dye

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11
Q

Prokaryotes

A
  • found everywhere on earth
  • spheres (coccus), rods (bacillus), spirals (helix)
  • all are tiny and rely on diffusion for movement of materials
  • move by flagella, twisting, gliding, or don’t move
  • communicate by chemicals or light
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12
Q

Quorum sensing

A
  • type of communication in prokaryotes
  • triggers biofilm formation

when biofilm is present in infections, it makes them hard to treat

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13
Q

Prokaryotic reproduction

A
  • single celled, usually live in colonies

- reproduce asexually (fission), but can exchange genetic material (horizontal transfer)

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14
Q

Horizontal (lateral) gene transfer

A

complicates the use of sequences to determine phylogenies

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15
Q

vertical transfer

A

generation to generation, like in multicellular organisms

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16
Q

what clades have bled into another clade

A

bacterial ancestor -> a eukaryote (bacteria that gave rise to a chloroplast)
bacterial ancestor -> an archaea (bacteria that gave rise to mitochondria)

not usually the other way around

17
Q

prokaryote metabolism/environment

A
  • oxygen is poisonous to some (obligate anaerobes)
  • others require oxygen (obligate aerobes)
  • others can use either aerobic or anaerobic respiration (facultative anaerobes)
18
Q

Photoautotrophs

A

use light to make sugars and FEED THEMSELVES

19
Q

Photoheterotrophs

A

harvest energy from light but still FEED ON OTHER ORGANISMS

20
Q

Chemoheterotrophs

A

feed on other organsims

21
Q

Types of recycling bacteria

A
  • decomposers
  • nitrogen fixers
  • nitrifying bacteria
  • denitrifying bacteria
22
Q

Decomposers

A
  • break down dead bodies

- return carbon to soil and atmosphere (in CO2)

23
Q

Nitrogen fixers

A

convert N2 from the atmosphere to NH3

24
Q

Nitrifying bacteria

A
  • NH3 -> NO2 nitrite -> NO3 nitrate, which is the form of nitrogen plants take up
  • available to plants for amino acid and nucleic acid synthesis
25
Q

Denitrifying

A

convert organic nitrogen to N2

26
Q

benefits of prokaryotes in health and disease

A

ex.

  • rumen flora of cattle have cellulase, which allows them to eat grass
  • legume roots have nitrogen fixing bacteria, allow to grow faster
27
Q

prokaryotes in humans

A

human body has 4x bacterial cells than human cells

28
Q

are there a lot of prokaryotes that are pathogens?

A

No. Only a very tiny percentage are pathogens

29
Q

How pathogens cause disease

A
  • invade body
  • evade immune system
  • multiply
  • produce toxins
30
Q

endotoxins

A
  • the host is exposed when the bacteria lyse
  • the person will get symptoms as the immune system is trying to kill the disease
  • fever, vomiting, diarrhea
31
Q

exotoxins

A
  • released by living bacteria

- highly poisonous or fatal

Diversity of Form and Function (2 decks)

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