exam. 1 Flashcards
telomeres
DNA at the end of chromosomes to prevent and coded DNA from being taken off
peroxisome
gets rid of hydrogen peroxide and other harmful chemicals in a cell
4 aspects of membrane permeability
- length of hydrocarbon tail
- cholesterol
- temperature
- saturation of hydrocarbon tail
length of tail and permeability
longer tail, less permeable
temperature and permeability
higher temp, more permeable
cholesterol and permeability
more cholesterol, less permeable
saturation and permeability
more saturation, less permeable
helicase
enzyme that unzips DNA
topoisomerase
relieves tension as a cell is being unwinded
ssbps
protein that attach to separated strands of DNA during replication to prevent from re forming double helix (single strand binding protein)
primase
synthesizes RNA primer and attaches it to the DNA strand
DNA polymerase 111
synthesizes new DNA only in the 5’ to 3’ direction
DNA polymerase 1
removes the RNA primer and replaces it with DNA
ligase
binds osaki fragments after replication
amino acid
building block of protein
cell wall
rigid protective barrier of cellulose
PLANT CELL ONLY
shape
outside membrane
cell membrane
outer protective covering of ALL cells
allow food, water, oxygen, into cell and waste out of cell
recognize signals from other cells
lysosome
contain digestive enzymes that get rid of waste
only animal cells have
lysosome and centrioles
only plant cells have
chloroplast and vacuoles
puradines
guanine and adenine
pyrimidines
thymine and cytosine
amphapathic
polar head, non polar tail
hydrophilic
attracted to water
hydrophobic
afraid of water
aquaporins
water channel proteins
type 1 error
false positive, reject null hypothesis
type 2 error
false negative, accept null hypothesis
null hypothesis
prediction that there is no difference between groups or conditions, can be falsified
alternate hypothesis
statement that is accepted if the sample data provide sufficient evidence that the null hypothesis is false
4 structures of amino acids
primary structure
secondary structure
tertiary structure
quaternary structure
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
creates lipids or fat
rough endoplasmic reticulum
site of protein synthesis
ribosomes
make proteins
Golgi apparatus
modifies, sorts, and packages protein
difference between each amino acid
R group
tertiary structure
ionic bond, covalent bond, disulfide bridge and vanderwals force
primary structure
sequence of amino acids with peptide backbone
secondary structure
alpha helix or beta sheet formed by hydrogen bonding (coils or fold in polypeptide bond)
polypeptide bond
chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
peptide bond
covalent bond formed between amino acids
osmosis
diffusion of water through selectively permeable membrane
phosphodiester bond
type of bond that links nucleotide in DNA or RNA. Joins the phosphate group of one nucleotide to hydroxyl group on the sugar of another nucleotide
dehydration reaction
chemical reaction in which molecules combine by removing water
hydrolysis reaction
chemical reaction that breaks apart larger molecule by adding molecule of water
hypotonic
lower concentration of solute that another solution (shrivel)
hypertonic
higher concentration of solute that another solution (burst)
isotonic
concentration of two solutions is the same
prokaryotes
no organelles
mitochondria
powerhouse
produce ATP
phosphate bond
backbone of DNA
negative control
group with no response expected
positive control
treatment with known response
difference between DNA and RNA
DNA deoxyribose sugar, remains in nucleus
RNA ribose sugar, nucleus and cytoplasm
leading strand
synthesized continuously in 5 to 3 direction, reads 3 to 5
lagging strand
synthesized in 5 to 3, overall direction is 3 to 5
ozaki fragments
fragmented DNA of lagging strand
significant difference
if it overlaps its not significantly different, if it doesn’t overlap it is significantly different
standard error of the mean
standard deviation of a sampling distribution
cytoplasm
jellylike fluid inside cell which organelles are suspended
very low permeability
ions
charged polar molecules
macromolecules
low permeability
polar organic molecules (sugar)
moderate permeability
water
high permeability
gases, very small uncharged molecules
parameter
what you are measuring/ concentration (time)
dimension
units of what you are measuring (minutes)
independent variable
variable that is manipulated by the researcher
dependent variable
variable that is affected by the independent variable
active transport
movement of materials through cell membrane using energy
facilitated diffusion
uses transport proteins to move other ions and small molecules across plasma membrane
diffusion
movement of molecules from higher concentration to lower concentration
difference in eukaryotes and prokaryotes
- eukaryotes have nucleus
- eukaryotes are larger
- eukaryotes have a lot of internal membrane
- eukaryotes have diverse and dynamic cytoskeleton
nucleus
control center of the cell that contains DNA
chloroplast
site of photosynthesis - plant only
cytoskeleton
supporting structure of cell that is made of proteins
maintain and changes cell shape
nuclear envelope
double membrane that surrounds nucleus in cell
monomer
simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers
polymer
large compound formed from combination of many monomers
conservative replication
parental molecule serves as template for synthesis fo entirely new molecule
semi- conservative replication
each half of original DNA molecule serves as template for new strand, two new DNA molecules each have one parent and daughter strand
dispersive replication
disproved model of DNA synthesis suggesting more or less random interspersion of parental and new segments in daughter DNA molecules
leeuwenhoek
developed simple but more powerful microscope, discovered bacteria, sperm, blood cells
Marcello Malpighi
microscopic inspection of frog lungs
binomial equation
calculate probability of event that is independent and exclusive
Francesco Redi
meat in 2 jars, flies - life doesn’t appear spontaneously
Louis Pasteur
boiled media to kill microves, one open, swan neck flask - disproved spontaneous generation
virus
protein encapsulated DNA or RNA
prokaryote
organisms that have cells which don’t have membrane enclosed nucleus
eukaryote
organisms that have extensive cell compartmentalization
organelles in ALL eukaryotic cells
nucleus, mitocondria, endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisome, Golgi apparatus, centrosome
organelle only in animal cell
lysosome
organells only in plant cells
chloroplast, vacuoles
theory
broad explanation, can’t be proven - extremely likely
QPRC
question
protocol
result
conclusion
probability of event that has already happened
1
independent event
occurrence of one event doesn’t change probability of occurrence of another event
exclusive event
occurrence of one event makes occurrence of another event impossible
permutation
number of possible orders of series of events
Robert hooke
micrographic
found in all things (virus, prokaryote, eukaryote)
protein, DNA
organelle
membrane bound compartment within cell with own structure and function
DNA
genetic material
saturated fat
all single bond, straight, saturated with hydrogen
unsaturated fat
some double bonds between carbon - kinked
triglycerides
glycerol + 3 fatty acids
phospholipids
hydrophilic head + hydrophobic tail
steroids
lipid containing 4 interconnected rings of carbon
fluid mosaic model
model of plasma membrane, framework of semifluid phospholipid bilayer with mosaic of protein
semifluidity of plasma membrane
phospholipid rotate around axes can move laterally
FRAP experiment
fluorescence recovery after photobleaching
molecules that can freely diffuse through a membrane
small, uncharged, not polar, fat/oil/ lipid soluble
molecules that can’t freely diffuse through a membrane
large, charged, polar, hydrophilic, fat/oil/protein insoluble
deductive reasoning
general to specific
inductive reasoning
specific to general
