Exam 1 Flashcards
Which theory has a major influence in Latin American art?
Marx
according to the book, what is one of the strengths of Latin American art?
hybridizAtion
True or False, Latin American art relate more closely to their social and political context than American or European art.
true
According to the author, which countries make up Latin America?
North America, South America, Cuba, and the Dominican Republic,and Brazil
define Latin American Modernism
it is rejection of the classical or traditional forms of art and got its start during the Semana de los Artes in São Paulo
Argetina, Chile, and Uruguay, and Venezuela are considered to be what type of country?
Open
what defines an open country?
open to foreign influence, particularly European influence
What countries are considered more closed countries?
Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay and Ecuador.
What characteristic do the closed countries have in common?
They were either land locked or facing the Pacific
Define indigenismo
search for Latin American roots through art
define neo-classical art
art that relfects the style of the ancient greeks and romans
define Arielismo
search for national essences
who was the founder of the Mexican muralist movement?
Vasconcelos
who is the Argentine hero?
gaucho
What type of art became associated with Italian Fascism?
Novocento art
What was Latin American sculpture focused on?
commemoration of significant national events and the personification of civic virtues and national heroes and military leaders
what was one of the most significant differences between Latin American art and European art during the first half of the 20th century?
large-scale mural paintings
Andres de Santa Maria
he made the Anunciacion painting
did many small portrait paintings
define portaretrato
portrait
Julio Ruelas
used Greek mythology
metamorphosis
utilized many skulls
Symbolismo
Saturnino Herran
trataba temas indigenas
Dr. Atl
liked to draw paisajes of mexico
loved volcanoes because the reflected his demeanor
Francisco Goita
liked to draw pictures of the dead
what are the pigmentaciones of Latin America?
Europeans Criollo Mestizos Nativos Africanos Zambos Mulatos
define mulato
someone of Native American and african descent
define zambos
mixture of african and amerindian
Cubist devices are used for what end?
decoration
what was distinct characteristic of Latin American modernism?
tendency to combine apparently incompatible European styles
What percentage of whites made up Buenos Aires in the early 20th century?
90 percent
define impresionismo
libertad en cuanto a la tecnica del pintor
what are three famous impresionistas?
Monet, Manet, and Degas
What types of paintings did Monet do?
paisajes, puentes, lirios, luz baja, colores delicados
What did Manet paint?
arte figurativo y gente humilde
What did Degas paint?
bailarinas, arte figurativo, colores delicados, blanco y rosado
Who are four famous post-impressionism artists?
Matisse, Van Gogh, Gauguin
How did Matisse paint?
colores brillantes
how did Paul Cezanne paint?
bodegon, colores brillantes
how did Van Gogh paint?
la noche, depresion
Define el cubismo analitico
muchas facetas, formas geometricas, dar la ilusion de tres dimensiones y de movimiento
who is a famous analytic cubism artist?
Duchamp
define el cubismo sintetico
codigo, realidad paralela
who are two famous synthetic cubism artists?
Picaso,Juan Gris
define Dada art
viola las obras clasicas, collage, arte de basura
define Art Deco
great gatsby, modern
When did the Mexican revolution occur?
1910-1920
Who were some of the main actors in the Mexican Revolution?
Porfirio Diaz
Pancho Villa
Emiliano Zapata
Alvaro Obregon
Who is Porfirio Diaz?
Dictator before the Revolution
Who is Pancho Villa?
Leader of the North and Governor of Chihuaha
Who is Emiliano Zapata?
Leader of the South during the Mexican Revolution-followers known as Zapatistas
Who is Alvaro Obregon?
He became the President after the Mexican Revolution (1920-24)
Who is Diego Rivera?
Mexican painter and husband of Frida Kahlo
What type of work was Diego Rivera famous for?
Fresco
What movement did Diego Rivera start?
Mexican Muralist movement
What Italian painters had influence on Diego Rivera?
Giotto Uccello Pierro della Francesca Mantegna Michelangelo
Why is Jose Vasconcelos significant in the life of Diego Rivera?
Minister of Culture in Mexico who commissioned Rivera to do public murals
What are some of Diego Rivera’s most well-known pieces?
Marinero Almorzando
Creacion
La Ofrenda
What were some of Diego Rivera’s earlier influences?
Dr. Atl
Pre-Columbian art
What European influences had the greatest effect on Diego Rivera?
Cubismo
Flora y fauna de Gauguin
Frescos italianos
Where did Diego Rivera make murals in the United States?
San Francisco Stock Exchange Detroit Institute of Art Rockefeller Center ( had to leave because it was of Lenin)
What type of ideology did Diego Rivera possess?
Socialist
Who did Diego Rivera hide in his house?
Leon Trotsky
What is Soviet Realism?
Socialist realism (acronym soc-real) is a style of realistic art which was developed in the Soviet Union and became a dominant style in other socialist countries. Socialist realism is a teleologically-oriented style having as its purpose the furtherance of the goals of socialism and communism
What is European Vanguardism?
socialist revolutionaries
Did Diego Rivera have a problem with Soviet communism?
Yes
How did Diego Rivera appeal to the Mexican populus?
He abandoned the fragmentation of the image
abandoned metaphors and parallel realities
accepted the narrative
used Frescos Italianos
How does Jose Clemente Orozco compare to Diego Rivera?
less sophisticated
mas commovedor
did not study in Europe
What are some things that influenced Jose Clemente Orozco?
Jose Guadalupe Posada, Calavera Catrina
Arte pre-colombiano
el simbolista Julio Ruelas
Dr. Atl
What are some characteristics of Jose Clemente Orosco’s work?
Daring
Symbolic images
Caricatures
What are some of Orosco’s most famous works?
La hora de gigolo
La destruccion del viejo orden
La mesa de la hermandad
What European influences had effect on Jose Clemente Orosco?
Michelangelo
Domenikos Theotokopoulos, the Greek
How was Orozco’s art received?
He was more popular in the United States
He was as popular as Diego Rivera in Latin America
What are some of the influences of David Alfaro Siqueiros?
Masaccio and other Italian fresco painters
Jackson Pollock
The Frenchman, Jean Charlot
What type of art was done by Siqueiros?
Futurism
What are some of the works of Siqeuiros?
Cabeza de una mujer indigena
Retrato de la burguesia
Marcha de la humanidad
Who was Juan o’gorman?
Disciple of Le Corbusier
Made mosaics and is famous for the mosaic on the UNAM library in Mexico City
True or false-Andres de Santa Maria spent no time in Europe
FALSE!
Define modernism
Modern art includes artistic works produced during the period extending roughly from the 1860s to the 1970s, and denotes the style and philosophy of the art produced during that era.[1] The term is usually associated with art in which the traditions of the past have been thrown aside in a spirit of experimentation.
How would the work of Andres de Santa Maria be characterized by some?
Impressionist
Where was Andres de Santa Maria born?
Colombia
What type of art did Julio Ruelas do?
Symbolism
Define symbolism
Symbolism was a late nineteenth-century art movement of French, Russian and Belgian origin in poetry and other arts.
True or False Ruelas used many skulls and skeletons in his work
true
What is the painting by Saturnino Herran in the book?
Woman from Tehuantepec
What was the focus of Saturnino Herran’s art?
Native Mexicans in heroic poses
What was Herran’s last work?
Our Gods
Did Dr. Atl study in Europe?
yes
Who was Dr. Atl’s inspiration?
Jose Maria Velasco
define realist art
realism in the arts may be generally defined as the attempt to represent subject matter truthfully, without artificiality and avoiding artistic conventions, implausible, exotic and supernatural elements.
What is considered Dr. Atl’s weakness?
repetitiveness
What was the focus of Goita’s work?
Death in War
What is Goita’s painting in the book?
Landscape at Zacatecas
True or False Goita painted Man on Trash Heap
True
What did Goita do to understand his subjects better?
he lived poorly among them
Where was Armando Reveron from?
Venezuela
What type of art did Armando Reveron do?
French Impressionism
What was the focus of Armando Reveorn’s paintings?
Landscapes and female nudes
Define impressionism
often Impressionism A theory or style of painting originating and developed in France during the 1870s, characterized by concentration on the immediate visual impression produced by a scene and by the use of unmixed primary colors and small strokes to simulate actual reflected light.
define post-impressionism
Post-Impressionists extended Impressionism while rejecting its limitations: they continued using vivid colours, often thick application of paint, and real-life subject matter, but they were more inclined to emphasize geometric forms, to distort form for expressive effect, and to use unnatural or arbitrary colour.
define Cubism
objects are analyzed, broken up and reassembled in an abstracted form—instead of depicting objects from one viewpoint, the artist depicts the subject from a multitude of viewpoints to represent the subject in a greater context.
Who are the three most important painters in Brazilian art?
Anita Malfatti, Emiliano Cavalcanti, Vicente do Rego Monteiro
Malfatti came from what type of circumstances?
wealthy
Did Malfatti study in Europe?
yes she did
What type of art did Malfatti dabble in before being ridiculed out of it?
Cubism
What was Malfatti’s most famous work?
La Idiota
Did Di Cavalcanti go to Europe?
yes
What technique did Calvancanti use?
Cubism
What is the painting by Cavalcanti called in the book?
Mulatta with parrot
What did Cavalcanti paint?
many street scenes
Did Monteiro study in Europe?
yes
What type of figures did Monteiro paint?
primitives in shallow relief
what is Tarsila do Amaral’s most famous painting?
Abaporu
define Anthropophagy
Brazilian artists must devour outside influences and turn them into something new
what type of painting did Tarsila do?
surrealism
who was the dictator in Mexico when Diego Rivera was born?
Porfirio Diaz
define Art Deco
It is an eclectic style that combines traditional craft motifs with Machine Age imagery and materials. The style is often characterized by rich colors, bold geometric shapes, and lavish ornamentation.
who are the tres grandes of Mexico?
Orozco, Siqueiros, Rivera
What was Orozco’s professional job?
Map maker
Latin Americans look to who instead of their political leaders for guidance?
artists
True or false, Indigenismo originated in Latin America
false, it originated in Europe
What text did Jose Vasconcelos read that inspired him?
Rodo’s text on Arielismo
What areas or countries is indigenismo most commonly found?
Peru, Guatemala, and Mexico
What prevented the development of the visual arts in Peru?
fissure between Indian and European culture
How do Latin American artists view modernism?
liberating and anti-authoritarian
When did formalism start to take place in Latin America?
around 1920
Diego Rivera did not start the Mexican Muralist movement true or false
false he started it
Define constrictivist art
The movement was in favour of art as a practice for social purposes.
Define Expressionist art
The term refers to an “artistic style in which the artist seeks to depict not objective reality but rather the subjective emotions and responses that objects and events arouse within a person.
Expressionism occurs in which famous Mexican artists?
Rivera, Orozco, Siqueiros
What was the main difference between Latin American art and European art at the beginning of the 20th century?
Latin American art focused more on murals
What are the ancestors of Latin American muralism?
italian frescos
What is the goal of Muralism?
activates the search for national and cultural identity and convey political ideology
Where was Andres de Santa Maria from?
Colombia
Where did Andres de Santa Maria spend the majority of his life?
Europe
What famous painting by Julio Ruelas is found in the book?
The Initiation of Don Jesus into the Revista Moderna
What is commonly found in Mexican symbolism?
skulls and other symbols of death
What type of art did Dr. Atl study while in Europe?
Italian Frescos
Did Goita study in Europe?
yes
What was Goita’s job?
He was the staff artist in Pancho Villa’s army
What does Tarsila’s Abaporu painting mean?
Man who eats
What union did Diego Rivera start?
Union of Technical workers
What was the purpose of Diego Rivera’s union?
to make art less intellectual and more accessible to the general public
What happened to Orozco’s hand?
it was blown off in an explosion
In which wars did Siqueiros fight?
Mexican civil war and Spanish civil war
What characteristic was common among those countries which had strong muralistic arts?
Those that retained a strong Indian element
Who was the first muralist in Ecuador?
Eduardo Riofrio Kingman
Which artist strongly influenced Kingman?
Diego Rivera
What is the famous painting by Kingman which is featured in the book?
Nino con flauta
Did Oswaldo Guayasimin study in Europe?
no
What did Oswaldo Guayasimin focus on in his art?
Realism, social justice
Did Kingman study art formally?
no
What was the focus of Kingman’s art?
Indigenous people and social justice
How did Candido Porinaria die?
Inhaling poisonous fumes from his paint
What other forms of art did Acuna practice?
sculpture and mosaics
What was the focus of Acuna’s art?
Indian myths and legends
What is the famous mural by Alandia Pantoja mentioned in the book?
Medicina Boliviana
Where did Alandia Pantoja come from?
Bolivia
Where was Jose Sabogal from?
Peru
What is the criticism of Jose Sabogal?
His connection with indian culture was superficial as represented in his art
