Exam #1 Flashcards
What are the 7 characteristics of development?
- Multicultural
- Multidisciplinary
- Multidirectional
- Multicontextual
- Multidimensional
- Changeable
- Lifelong
Which characteristic:
Meaning that development happens on many different domains (physical, emotional, social)
Multidimensional
Which characteristic:
Development can go both ways, it can either progress or it can decline
Multidirectional
Which characteristic:
We can change the course of our development (environment)
Changeability
Which characteristic:
Development can be explained by many different disciplines
Multidisciplinary
Which characteristic:
Different times and stages of your life/what you are going through affect your development differently (i.e. seasonal depression, grade school teachers teach differently than college professors, we behave differently at a party than we do in class)
Multicontextual
Which characteristic:
different ethnic groups experience different courses of development
Multicultural
Name the 7 periods of development
Infancy, early childhood, middle childhood, adolescence, early adulthood, middle adulthood, late adulthood
infancy (years)
0-2
early childhood (years)
2-5
middle childhood (years)
5-12
adolescence
12-18
early adulthood
18-40
middle adulthood
40-65
late adulthood
65-death
why do the intervals for periods of development increase each stage of life?
the majority of development happens in the beginning stages
name the three domains of development
Biological
Cognitive
Socioemotional
biological =
physical
cognitive =
mental
socioemotional =
social
key developmental issue - what affects our traits more, genetics or environment?
nature vs, nurture?
developmental issue - Do our characteristics stay the same or change as we go?
stability vs. change?
developmental issue - Does the underlying nature of our characteristics stay the same qualitatively or does it change as we age?
continuity vs. discontinuity
4 steps of scientific method
observation - hypothesis - predictions - test
according to the scientific method, what is the next step if your test disproves your hypothesis?
form a new hypothesis
according to the scientific method, what is the next step if your test proves your hypothesis?
form a theory
development design - testing several groups at one given period of time
cross sectional
what is the downfall of cross sectional design
cohort effect
what is the cohort effect
certain groups with similar traits (age, culture) tend to have similar ways of thinking
what design involves studying one person for life or extensive period
LONGitudinal
downfall of longitudinal
people may drop out because lengthy, also expensive
cross sequential
a study in which two or more groups of individuals of different ages are directly compared over a period of time. It is thus a combination of a cross-sectional design and a longitudinal design.
research designs - which is Going out and observing to collect data
what are the inherent problems?
Naturalistic observation, Inherent problems - you can find what you see but you can’t explain why, confirmation bias, accidental
research design - Studying an individual extensively
problems?
case study, the individual may not be representative of the entire population
research design - Gathering a lot of info from a wider range of people in a more structured way
problem?
survey/interview
people are liars
which theorist - psychosexual stages
freud (froyd)
which theorist - psychosocial stages
erikson
two theorists (psychoanalytic)
freud, erikson
according to freud, 5 psychosexual stages
oral, anal, phallic, latent, genital
freuds theory - ORAL stage
0-18 months
baby putting things in MOUTH
freuds theory -
ANAL stage
18-36 months
POTTY training
freuds theory - phallic
3-6 years
wanting to engage in sexual activity
freuds theory - latent
6-12 years
sexual urges take a break
freuds theory - genital stage
12 and older
sexually mature, express sexual desires
eriksons psychoanalytical stages
- trust v mistrust
- autonomy v shame
- industry v inferiority
- identity v role
- intimacy v isolation
- generativity v stagnation
- integrity v dispair
6-12 years, conflicted on trusting relationship with parents
1st stage, trust v. mistrust
18-36 months, potty training capability
autonomy vs. shame
3-6 years, initiate social interaction
initiation v guiklt
cognitive development theorists
piaget, vygotsky.
who - 4 stages of cognitive development
piaget
who - sociocultural cognitive theory
vygotsky
behavioral theorists
watson, skinner, bandura
who - classical conditioning, little albert
watson
who- experimented conditioning on rats, positive reinforcement
skinner
little albert
bandura
ethological theorists
lorenz, bolby, ainsworth
prenatal development - when is germinal period?
0-14 days
prenatal development - when is embryonic?
2-8 weeks
prenatal development - when is fetal period?
2-9 months
what is a zygoteA?
fertilized egg
what is the ossification period of prenatal development
ossification = birth
