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Plant Physiology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q
A

Root Cap

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2
Q
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Primary Root

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3
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Root

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4
Q
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Secondary Root

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5
Q
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Vascular Cylinder

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6
Q
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Hypocotyl

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7
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Cotyledon

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8
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Leaf

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9
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Petiole

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10
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Midvein

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11
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Vein

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12
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Margin

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13
Q
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Internode

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14
Q
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Shoot

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15
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Node

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16
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Axillary Bud

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17
Q
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Terminal Bud

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18
Q
A

Root (Radicle)

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19
Q
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Seminal Root

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20
Q
A

Caryopsis (Seed)

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21
Q
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Mesocotyl

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22
Q
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1st Node

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23
Q
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Nodal Roots

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24
Q
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Coleoptile

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25
Q
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1st Collar

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26
Q
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1st True Leaf

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27
Q
A

1st Node to 1st Collar

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28
Q
A

Shoot (Plumule)

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29
Q
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Tip of Shoot

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30
Q
A

Root Cap

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31
Q
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Apical Meristem

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32
Q
A

Zone of Elongation

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33
Q
A

Zone of Maturation

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34
Q
A

Endodermis

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35
Q
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Epidermis

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36
Q
A

Root hairs

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37
Q
A

Vascular Cylinder

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38
Q
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Epidermis

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39
Q
A

Palisade Mesophyll

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40
Q
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Spongy Mesophyll

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41
Q
A

Veins (Vascular Tissue)

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42
Q
A

Stomate

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43
Q
A

Cell Wall

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44
Q
A

Plasma Membrane

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45
Q
A

Vacuole

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46
Q
A

Chloroplast

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47
Q
A

Mitochondria

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48
Q
A

Roughh Endoplasmic Reticulum

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49
Q
A

Nucleus

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50
Q

Osmosis

A

The property of water passing through a semipermeable membrane with the tendency of eventually equalizing the water potential in the two compartments

51
Q

Diffusion

A

Net movement of anything generally moving from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration

52
Q

Aquaporins

A

Membrane protein channels or pores controlling the selective movement of water primarily

53
Q

Function of a Aquaporin

A

Bidirectional transfer of water and small solutes across cell membranes

54
Q

Osmoregulation

A

The process of regulating the osmotic properties of plant cells

55
Q

Physiological Importance of Osmoregulation

A

Maintain a fixed concentration of cell membrane imperable molecules and ions in the fluid that surrounds cells

56
Q

Osmotic Potential (Ys)

A

The change in free energy or chemical potential of water produced by solutes; carries a negative (minus) sign

Also called solute potential

57
Q

Osmotic Pressure (pie)

A

The pressure developed by a solution separated from pure water by a differentially permeable membrane; it is generally an index of the solute concentration of the solution

58
Q

Cavitation

A

A process of rapid formation of bubbles in the xylem

59
Q

Phosphorus Deficiency

A

Stunted

Dark green leaves

Older leaves brown

Anthocyanin accumulation in leaves

60
Q

Phosphorus Deficiency Roles

A

H2PO4- / HPO42-

Nucleic acids/Phospholipids/Energy Transfer

Toxicity → Root grwoth prolific

61
Q

Nitrogen Deficiency

A

General chlorosis to light brown under extreme deficiency

Older leaves may drop

Stunting of growth

62
Q

Nitrogen Deficiency Roles

A

NO3- / NH4+

Component of amino acids/nucleic acids/chlorophyll/hormones

Toxicity:

Vegetative growth dark green color

Reduced root growth

63
Q

Potassium Deficiency

A

Chlorosis or mottling in older leaves

Necrotic lesions

Stems shortened and weakended - lodging

64
Q

Potassium Deficiency Roles

A

K+

Osmotic Regulation:

Enzyme activation - photosynthesis

Guard cell and leaf movement

No known structural role

Toxicity → Rare/Salt Stress

65
Q

Calcium Deficiency

A

Meristems and young leaves necrotic

Roots become ‘slippery’

66
Q

Calcium Deficiency Roles

A

Ca2+

Cell division - microtubules

Calcium pectates - cell wall formation

Membrane stabilization

Hormonal regulation

Enzyme activation

Toxicity → Reduced availability of iron and micronutrients

67
Q

Magnesium Deficiency

A

Older leaves interveinal chlorosis

Necrotic spots

Patches of yellow or orange

68
Q

Magnesium Deficiency Roles

A

Mg2+

Chlorophyll

ATP energy usage

Enzyme activation - Rubisco PEP carboxylase

Toxicity

Reduced growth

Serpentine soils

69
Q

Iron Deficiency

A

Interveinal chlorosis in younger leaves

Leaves becoming white

Necrosis

70
Q

Iron Deficiency Roles

A

Electron transport - heme

Chlorophyll synthesis

Toxicity → Rare - easily precipitated

71
Q

Essential Nutrients

A

Nutrient elements that are required by plants in order to successfully complete their life cycle

72
Q

Beneficial Nutrients

A

Nutrients that are beneficial to the growth and development of some plants but have not been shown to be requirements of all plants

73
Q

Macronutrients

A

Nutrient elemeents that are required in excess of 10 mmole kg-1 of dry weight

74
Q

Micronutrients

A

Nutreints that are required in relatively small quantities

(less than 10 mmole kg-1 of dry weight)

75
Q

Transpiration

A

The loss of water vapor by plants; most transpiration occurs through open stomata

76
Q

Which part of a root shows the greatest activity of nutrient uptake

A

Root hairs and zone of maturation

77
Q

Passive Transport

A

Type of membrane transport that does not require energy to move substances across the cell membranes

78
Q

Active Transport

A

Requires cellular energy to achieve the movement

The movement of molecules across a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration

79
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

the process of spontaneous passive transport of molecules or ions across a biological membrane via specific transmembrane integral proteins

80
Q

Soil Plant Atmosphere Continum (SPAC)

A

Near surface environment in which water and energy transfer occurs from the soil through the plant to the atmosphere

81
Q

Symplastic Pathway in Water Movement

A

Occurs during the night

Slow/Much Resistance

Water passes across from one living cell to another living cell

82
Q

Apoplastic Pathway in Water Movement

A

Occurs during the day

Fast movement/Little Resistance

Water moves from cell to cell through the intercellular spaces of walls of the cells

83
Q

Where in the root is most active in water uptake

A

Root hairs

84
Q

Cohesion

A

Strong mutual attraction between water molecules resulting from hydrogen bonding

85
Q

Adhesion

A

Same forces that attract water molecules to each other will also attract water to solid surfaces

86
Q

Hydrogen Bonding

A

Water remains a neutral molecule but the separation of partial negative and positive charges generates a strong mutural (electricl) attraction between adjacent water molecules or between water and other polar molecules

87
Q

Biotic Stress

A

A biological insult (e.g. insects, disease) to which a plant may be exposed

88
Q

Abiotic Stress

A

A physical (e.g. light, temperature) or chemical insult that the environment may impose on a plant

89
Q

Function of the Root Cap

A

Protects the root from environmental stress and functions in gravity perception

90
Q

Function of the Primary Root

A

Absorb water and dissolved minerals from the soil

91
Q

Function of the Secondary Root

A

Provide additional support

Storage Food

Absorption of atmospheric moisture

92
Q

Function of the Vascular Cylinder

A

Ensuring the key nutrients, water and other substances are transported throughout the plant

93
Q

Function of the Hypocotyl

A

Pushes the cotyledons above the ground to develop

94
Q

Function of the Cotyledon

A

Help supply the nutrition a plant embryo needs to germinate and become established as a photosynthesis organism

95
Q

Function of the Leaf

A

Produce food for the plant by photosynthesis

96
Q

Function of the Petiole

A

Pipeline through which the products of photosynthesis are moved from individual leaves to the rest of the plant

97
Q

Function of the Midvein

A

Contributes to the bending of the blade such that the center of the leaf faces sunlight

98
Q

Function of the Vein

A

Support for the leaf and transport both water and minerals (xylem) and food energy (phloem)

99
Q

Function of the Margin

A

Way of telling average temperature by looking at the shape of the leaves

100
Q

Function of the Internode

A

Link the nodes of a plant together

101
Q

Function of the Shoot

A

Uses the root system to draw up water and nutrients and deliver them to where they need to go in the plants leaves

102
Q

Function of the Nodes

A

Site of great cellular activity and growth

103
Q

Function of the Axillary Bud

A

Provide propagation material and generate flowering shoots

104
Q

Function of the Terminal Bud

A

Causes the shoot to grow longer

Produce hormones that move downward along the shoot, inhibiting the growth of other buds on that shoot

105
Q

Function of the Seminal Root

A

Help anchor the young seedling and provide it with nutrients and water

106
Q

Function of the Mesocotyl

A

Pushing the coleoptile to the soil surface

107
Q

Function of the Nodal Root

A

Providing the majority of the water and nutrients the corn plant needs for growth and development after V4

108
Q

Function of the Coleoptile

A

Help in the emergence of the first leaf by protecting it during its passage through the soil

109
Q

Function of the Apical Meristem

A

Divison and growth in the root and shoot tips

110
Q

Function of the Zone of Elongation

A

Where the newly formed cells increase in length thereby lengthening the roots

111
Q

Function of the Zone of Maturation

A

Protection

Storage

Conductance

112
Q

Function of the Endodermis

A

Apoplasmic barrier for selective nutrient uptake

113
Q

Function of the Epidermis

A

Provide a protectice varrier against mechanical injury, water loss and infection

114
Q

Function of the Palisade Mesophyll

A

Photosynthesis since it contains large amount of chloroplast

115
Q

Function of the Spongy Mesophyll

A

Efficient gas exchange

116
Q

Function of the Stomata

A

Take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen

117
Q

Function of the Cell Wall

A

Provides tensile strength and protection against mechanical and osmotic stress

118
Q

Function of the Plasma Membrane

A

Provides protection for a cell

119
Q

Function of the Vacuole

A

Helps maintain water balance

120
Q

Function of the chloroplast

A

Allow plants to capture the energy of the sun in energy-rich molecules

121
Q

Function of the Mitochondria

A

Generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell’s biochemical reactions

122
Q

Function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Produce proteins for the rest of the cell to function

123
Q

Function of the Nucleus

A

Controls and Regulates the activities fo the cell

Plant Physiology (2 decks)

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