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Introduction to Neuroscience > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the action potential?

A

The action potential is the electric signal that propogates down the axon and triggers communication across a synapse

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2
Q

Where does the Action Potential start?

A

The action potential starts at the axon hillock when it is depolarized to threshold

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3
Q

Is depolarization the increase or the decrease of positive charge?

A

Increase of positive charge

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4
Q

What is hyperpolarization?

A

The increase of negative charge

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5
Q

Are there more or less K+ ions outside the cell?

A

Less

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6
Q

Are there more or less Cl- ions outside the cell?

A

More

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7
Q

Are there more or less Na+ ions outside the cell?

A

More

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8
Q

Are there more or less Ca2+ ions outside the cell?

A

More

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9
Q

Fill in the blank; the farther the receding electrode, the ____ the action potential reaches the electrode

A

later

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10
Q

Is the AP an all or one phenomenon?

A

yes

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11
Q

How are action potentials spread?

A

They are regenerated across the axon

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12
Q

Explain what a graded potential is

A

Small changes in the membrane potential of a neuron due to depolarization or hyperpolarization

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13
Q

What is the threshold to initiate an action potential?

A

-60 mv

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14
Q

Draw an action potential

A

curve with flat line at -65 mv

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15
Q

T or F: either the action potential happens, or it doesn’t

A

T

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16
Q

How does magnitude and direction vary with action potentials?

A

It doesn’t

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17
Q

Summarize the action potential

A

the cell/axon hillock is depolarized to threshold, activating vg na+ channels that further depolarize the neuron. Then, the vg na+ channels inactivate and k+ channels open, letting the potassium go out and allowing hyperpolarization to occur. VERIFY

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18
Q

When do voltage gated potassium channels close

A

at the end when membrane potential is at rest again

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19
Q

Why does the action potential only travel in one direction?

A

Voltage gated sodium channels deactivate, meaning they can no longer depolarize until they reset back to close; they cannot pass a current.

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20
Q

What are the two nervous systems under the pns?

A

Somatic and autonomic

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21
Q

What does the somatic nervous system do?

A

Innervates muscles and control conscious body movements. Sensory nerves relate info from the body to the brain and motor nerves can carry commands to create muscle movement. Also includes cranial and spinal nerves

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22
Q

Autonomic nervous system description

A

Involuntary aspects of body, such as pupil dilation and blood vessel constriction. Further divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

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23
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Hormone regulator, emotion, and motivations

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24
Q

Corpus callusom

A

Connects two hemispheres of brain

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25
Q

Thalamus

A

Sensory processing, arousal

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26
Q

Cerebellum

A

Motor control

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27
Q

Medulla and pons

A

Live saving actions like breathing and swallowing, pons origin for many cranial nerves

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28
Q

Broca’s area

A

Speech production

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29
Q

Precentral gyrus

A

Important for motor control, located in frontal lobe

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30
Q

Postcentral gyrus

A

A strip of cortex behind central sulcus, responsible for touch

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31
Q

Sylvian fissure (aka lateral sulcus

A

Boundary of temporal lobe- separates lobe from other regions

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32
Q

Central sulcus

A

Boundary of frontal and parietal lobe

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33
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

Planning, impulse control, decision making

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34
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Located in center, responsible for planning/impulse control but also sensory info

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35
Q

Parietal association areas _______

A

integrate information from different sensory modalities

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36
Q

Temporal lobe

A

auditory cortex, language, auditory, and visual areas.

37
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Language production and comprehension

38
Q

Inferior temporal cortex

A

Visual identification

39
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Primary visual cortex contains a map of visual space

Secondary visual areas that process individual components of a scene

40
Q

List the important gyri and sulci

A

Sylvian fissure- boundary of temporal lobe
Central sulcus- boundary of frontal and parietal lobe
Precentral gyrus- in frontal lobe, important for motor control
Postcentral- A strip of cortex behind central sulcus, important for touch

41
Q

What is a gyri and what is a sulci?

A

Gyri- raised folds on cerebral cortex, sulci are depressions

42
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Outer wrinkly layer of brain, the result of folding of tissue, mostly dendrites, cell bodies, and axonal projections of neurons

43
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Group of subcortical nuclei mainly responsible for movement
Motor coordination+control
The “basal ganglia” refers to a group of subcortical nuclei responsible primarily for motor control, as well as other roles such as motor learning, executive functions and behaviors, and emotions.

44
Q

Limbic system

A

emotional system of the brain, with hippocampus, hypothalamus, thalamus, frontal lobe, olfactory bulb, and amygdala

45
Q

Midbrain

A

roles in vision, audition, movement

46
Q

White vs gray matter

A

Gray matter- cell bodies and dendrites

White matter- myelinated axons

47
Q

Saggital plane

A

Left and right

48
Q

Coronal plane

A

Anterior and posterior

49
Q

Horizontal plane

A

upper and lower

50
Q

Meninges

A

Dura (tough outside)
Arachnoid (middle, connects dura and pia, web like appearance, keeps the brain in place
Pia (soft, innermost layer, on brain surface)

51
Q

True or false: the nerves that make up the somatic nervous system are the cranial and the spinal nerves

A

True

52
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

A

12- olfactory, optic, vestibulocochlear (balance), spinal accessory (control neck muscles)

53
Q

Name the spinal sections from top to bottom

A

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral

54
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31, one member of each pair serves a side of the body

55
Q

What is each spinal nerve composed of?

A

A group of motor fibers, projecting from the ventral (front) part of the spinal cord to the organs and muscles, and a group of sensory fibers that enter the dorsal part of the spinal cord (remember that this is all within the somatic nervous system still)

56
Q

Why is it called the autonomic nervous system?

A

Stems from the idea of being “autonomous”- we have little conscious, voluntary action over things such as digestion or blood vessel constriction

57
Q

What are the two major divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic- act more or less in opposition with one another

58
Q

Describe characteristics of the sympathetic nervous system

A

Axons of the sympathetic nervous system exit from middle parts of the spinal cord, travel a short distance, then innervate the sympathetic ganglia which run in two chains along the spinal column. Axons from the sympathetic ganglia then course throughout the body, innervating major organ systems. Axons from the sympathetic ganglia mainly prepare the body for immediate action- increased blood pressure, dilated pupils, rapid heatbeat, etc

59
Q

Describe the parasympathetic nervous system

A

Helps the body to relax, recuperate (rest and digest). These nerves originate from brainstem abd in the sacral spinal cord (which makes sense because para means around- around the sympathetic nervous system). These nerves travel a longer distance before terminating in parasympathetic ganglia, usually located close to the organs they serve.

60
Q

True or false: organs receive different neurotransmitters from the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

A

True- norepinephrine from sympathetic nerves and acetylcholine from parasympathetic nerves

61
Q

What does the spinal cord do?

A

Funnels sensory info from the body to the brain and also conveys commands out to the body

62
Q

Why is the cortex folded up?

A

Increases surface area and amount of cortex that can be crammed into the skull

63
Q

T or F: folding of cortex is random and individual to each person

A

F

64
Q

Medial

A

towards middle

65
Q

Lateral

A

towards the side

66
Q

Ipsilateral

A

same side

67
Q

Contralateral

A

opposite sides

68
Q

Superior

A

Above

69
Q

Inferior

A

Below

70
Q

basal

A

towards base or bottom

71
Q

anterior/rostral

A

front

72
Q

posterior/caudal

A

back

73
Q

proximal

A

near center

74
Q

Distal

A

towards periphery

75
Q

dorsal

A

back

76
Q

ventral

A

tummy

77
Q

affervent vs effervent

A

A- carries info into area of interest, effervent- carries info away

78
Q

What are the four lobes and where are they located

A

Frontal lobe- very front, parietal lobe- middle, occipital lobe- back, temporal lobe, bottom

79
Q

What symptoms would someone with cortical damage exhibit

A

depends on region– personality changes, visual impairments, speech errors, changes in sensation, etc

80
Q

describe the difference between grey and white matter

A

interior is white matter (transmits), w/myelin, exterior grey matter is the cell bodies that form the outer layers of the cortex (receives/processes) and nuclei within the brain

81
Q

Basal ganglia

A

consists of caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus

82
Q

limbic system

A

curled around basal ganglia, , widespread network of struvtures involved in emotion and learning

83
Q

amygdala

A

emotion, odor perception

84
Q

hippocampus and fornix

A

learning and memory

85
Q

cingulate gyrus

A

direction of attention

86
Q

Astrocytes

A

most numerous cell type within the central nervous system (CNS) and perform a variety of tasks, from axon guidance and synaptic support, to the control of the blood brain barrier and blood flow. NT cleanup/reuptake

87
Q

Oligodendrocyte

A

produce the myelin sheath insulating neuronal axons (analogous to Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system), although some oligodendrocytes (called satellite oligodendrocytes) are not involved in myelination.

88
Q

Microglia

A

Microglial cells are a specialised population of macrophages that are found in the central nervous system (CNS). They remove damaged neurons and infections and are important for maintaining the health of the CNS. Engulf+destroy

Introduction to Neuroscience (3 decks)

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