Exam 1 Flashcards

(51 cards)

1
Q

science

A

a way of knowing - an approach to understanding the natural world

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2
Q

inquiry

A

at the heart of science; a search for information and explanations of natural phenomena

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3
Q

data

A

recorded observations; items of information on which scientific inquiry is based

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4
Q

inductive reasoning

A

makes broad generalizations from specific observations
ex: the generalization “all organisms are made of cells” was based on two centuries of microscopic observations made by biologists examining cells in diverse biological specimens

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5
Q

deductive reasoning

A

from general premises, we extrapolate to the specific results we should expect if the premises are true
ex: in the scientific process, deductions usually take the form of predictions of results that will be found if a particular hypothesis is correct

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6
Q

hypothesis

A

an explanation, based on observations and assumptions that leads to a testable prediction

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7
Q

experiment

A

a scientific test, often carried out under controlled conditions

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8
Q

independent variable

A

changed by scientist, manipulated variable

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9
Q

dependent variable

A

measured by scientist

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10
Q

control variable

A

unmanipulated group, constants

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11
Q

character

A

a heritable feature that varies among individuals; ex flower color

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12
Q

trait

A

each variant for a character; ex purple flowers or white flowers

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13
Q

true-breeding

A

kind of breeding wherein the parents would produce offspring that would carry the same phenotype, parents are homozygous for every trait

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14
Q

hybridization

A

the crossing of two true-breeding varieties

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15
Q

parental generation (P generation)

A

refers to the first set of parents crossed

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16
Q

first filial generation (F1 generation)

A

offspring of the P generation

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17
Q

second filial generation (F2 generation)

A

offspring of the F1 generation

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18
Q

alleles

A

are one or two or more alternative forms of a gene; ex P is the purple allele and p is the white allele

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19
Q

dominant allele

A

determines organisms appearance, usually represented by a capital letter

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20
Q

recessive allele

A

type of allele which will not be expressed in an individual unless both of the individual’s copies of that gene have that particular genotype

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21
Q

Law of segregation

A

states that the two alleles for a heritable character segregate (separate from each other) during gamete formation and end up in different gametes

22
Q

Punnett square

A

diagrammatic device for predicting allele composition of all offspring resulting from a cross between individuals of known genetic makeup

23
Q

homozygote

A

an organism that has a pair of identical alleles for a gene encoding a character

24
Q

homozygous

A

when an organism has identical alleles, they are homozygous for that gene

25
heterozygote
an organism that has two different alleles for a gene encoding a character
26
heterozygous
when an organism has two different alleles, they are heterozygous for that character
27
genotype
genetic makeup; ex Bb
28
phenotype
organism's appearance or observable traits; ex flower color
29
testcross
using a punnett square to test a cross between an organism of unknown genotype with a recessive homozygote
30
monohybrid
an organism that is heterozygous for the single character being followed
31
monohybrid cross
a cross between two organisms with different variations at one genetic locus of interest
32
dihybrid
an organism that is heterozygous for the two characters that are being followed
33
dihybrid cross
a cross between two individuals who differ in two observed traits that are controlled by two distinct genes
34
Law of independent assortment
states that two or more genes assort independently - that is, each pair of alleles segregates independently of any pair during gamete formation; applies only to genes (allele pairs) located on different chromosomes or very far away on the same chromosome
35
pedigree
family tree describing the traits of parents and children across the generations
36
carriers
organisms who are phenotypically normal, but have the recessive allele for a trait and may transmit it to their offspring
37
sex-linked gene
a gene located on either sex chromosome
38
X-linked gene
genes on the X chromosome
39
zygote
fertilized egg cell, diploid cell
40
Drosophila
fruit fly
41
hemizygous
describes an individual who only has one member of a chromosome pair, often used to describe X-linked genes in males who only have one X chromosome
42
multiplication rule
states that to determine probability, multiply the probability of one event by the probability of the other event
43
addition rule
states that the probability that any one of two or more mutually exclusive events will occur is calculated by adding their individual probabilities
44
complete dominance
when a dominant allele takes complete control, meaning that the phenotypes of a heterozygote and a homozygote are indistinguishable
45
incomplete dominance
when neither allele is completely dominant and heterozygotes have a phenotype that is a mix of the two parental varieties
46
codominance
when the two alleles are both dominant and heterozygotes exhibit both phenotypes
47
Tay-Sachs disease
affects children, only homozygotes can have the disease and is codominant
48
pleiotropy
where one gene affects multiple traits | ex: sickle cell disease, flower color gene also determines seed coat color
49
epistasis
where one gene influences another gene ex: coat color in labradors, where the gene for pigment (E) can influence whether or not the gene for coat color (B) is represented or not.
50
quantitative characters
vary in the population in gradients along a continuum
51
polygenetic inheritance
where many genes influence a single trait | ex: human height is controlled by around 180 genes