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Bio 111 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

science

A

a way of knowing - an approach to understanding the natural world

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2
Q

inquiry

A

at the heart of science; a search for information and explanations of natural phenomena

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3
Q

data

A

recorded observations; items of information on which scientific inquiry is based

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4
Q

inductive reasoning

A

makes broad generalizations from specific observations
ex: the generalization “all organisms are made of cells” was based on two centuries of microscopic observations made by biologists examining cells in diverse biological specimens

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5
Q

deductive reasoning

A

from general premises, we extrapolate to the specific results we should expect if the premises are true
ex: in the scientific process, deductions usually take the form of predictions of results that will be found if a particular hypothesis is correct

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6
Q

hypothesis

A

an explanation, based on observations and assumptions that leads to a testable prediction

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7
Q

experiment

A

a scientific test, often carried out under controlled conditions

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8
Q

independent variable

A

changed by scientist, manipulated variable

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9
Q

dependent variable

A

measured by scientist

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10
Q

control variable

A

unmanipulated group, constants

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11
Q

character

A

a heritable feature that varies among individuals; ex flower color

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12
Q

trait

A

each variant for a character; ex purple flowers or white flowers

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13
Q

true-breeding

A

kind of breeding wherein the parents would produce offspring that would carry the same phenotype, parents are homozygous for every trait

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14
Q

hybridization

A

the crossing of two true-breeding varieties

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15
Q

parental generation (P generation)

A

refers to the first set of parents crossed

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16
Q

first filial generation (F1 generation)

A

offspring of the P generation

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17
Q

second filial generation (F2 generation)

A

offspring of the F1 generation

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18
Q

alleles

A

are one or two or more alternative forms of a gene; ex P is the purple allele and p is the white allele

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19
Q

dominant allele

A

determines organisms appearance, usually represented by a capital letter

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20
Q

recessive allele

A

type of allele which will not be expressed in an individual unless both of the individual’s copies of that gene have that particular genotype

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21
Q

Law of segregation

A

states that the two alleles for a heritable character segregate (separate from each other) during gamete formation and end up in different gametes

22
Q

Punnett square

A

diagrammatic device for predicting allele composition of all offspring resulting from a cross between individuals of known genetic makeup

23
Q

homozygote

A

an organism that has a pair of identical alleles for a gene encoding a character

24
Q

homozygous

A

when an organism has identical alleles, they are homozygous for that gene

25
Q

heterozygote

A

an organism that has two different alleles for a gene encoding a character

26
Q

heterozygous

A

when an organism has two different alleles, they are heterozygous for that character

27
Q

genotype

A

genetic makeup; ex Bb

28
Q

phenotype

A

organism’s appearance or observable traits; ex flower color

29
Q

testcross

A

using a punnett square to test a cross between an organism of unknown genotype with a recessive homozygote

30
Q

monohybrid

A

an organism that is heterozygous for the single character being followed

31
Q

monohybrid cross

A

a cross between two organisms with different variations at one genetic locus of interest

32
Q

dihybrid

A

an organism that is heterozygous for the two characters that are being followed

33
Q

dihybrid cross

A

a cross between two individuals who differ in two observed traits that are controlled by two distinct genes

34
Q

Law of independent assortment

A

states that two or more genes assort independently - that is, each pair of alleles segregates independently of any pair during gamete formation; applies only to genes (allele pairs) located on different chromosomes or very far away on the same chromosome

35
Q

pedigree

A

family tree describing the traits of parents and children across the generations

36
Q

carriers

A

organisms who are phenotypically normal, but have the recessive allele for a trait and may transmit it to their offspring

37
Q

sex-linked gene

A

a gene located on either sex chromosome

38
Q

X-linked gene

A

genes on the X chromosome

39
Q

zygote

A

fertilized egg cell, diploid cell

40
Q

Drosophila

A

fruit fly

41
Q

hemizygous

A

describes an individual who only has one member of a chromosome pair, often used to describe X-linked genes in males who only have one X chromosome

42
Q

multiplication rule

A

states that to determine probability, multiply the probability of one event by the probability of the other event

43
Q

addition rule

A

states that the probability that any one of two or more mutually exclusive events will occur is calculated by adding their individual probabilities

44
Q

complete dominance

A

when a dominant allele takes complete control, meaning that the phenotypes of a heterozygote and a homozygote are indistinguishable

45
Q

incomplete dominance

A

when neither allele is completely dominant and heterozygotes have a phenotype that is a mix of the two parental varieties

46
Q

codominance

A

when the two alleles are both dominant and heterozygotes exhibit both phenotypes

47
Q

Tay-Sachs disease

A

affects children, only homozygotes can have the disease and is codominant

48
Q

pleiotropy

A

where one gene affects multiple traits

ex: sickle cell disease, flower color gene also determines seed coat color

49
Q

epistasis

A

where one gene influences another gene
ex: coat color in labradors, where the gene for pigment (E) can influence whether or not the gene for coat color (B) is represented or not.

50
Q

quantitative characters

A

vary in the population in gradients along a continuum

51
Q

polygenetic inheritance

A

where many genes influence a single trait

ex: human height is controlled by around 180 genes

Bio 111 (2 decks)

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