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Microbiology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is microbiology?

A

study of entities too small to be seen with the unaided human eye

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2
Q

what are some infectious diseases caused by microbes?

A 
influenza and pneumonia
septicemia (bloodstream infection)
respiratory infectin
HIV/AIDS
diarrheal diseases 
tuberculosis
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3
Q

Van Leeuwenhoek

A

Dutch
1676
first to see bacteria
“animalcules” reported to Royal Society in London—thought too small to harm humans
simple microscope – from well-ground lenses
spontaneous generation still the prevalent thinking (challenged for 200 years, disproven in late 1800s)

classified eukaryotes and prokaryotes**

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4
Q

Carolus Linnaeus

A

Swedish
created the taxonomic system for naming plants and animals and grouping similar organisms together

binomial nomenclature: Genus Species

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5
Q

Binomial nomenclaure

A 
Genus species
Rules: 
1. italicized
2. Capitalize Genus
3. Lower case species
4. if handwritten- underline both (bc cant italicize)
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6
Q

Eukaryotes

A 
(cellular)
fungi
protozoa
algae
animals
plants
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7
Q

Prokayotes

A

(cellular)
bacteria
archaea

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8
Q

Acelluar

A

Viruses

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9
Q

spontaneous generation

A

also called abiogenesis
proposes that living organisms can arise from nonliving matter
proposed by aristotle (384-322 BC)
widely accepted for almost 2000 years

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10
Q

Redi

A

challenged spontaneous generation
flask unsealed = flies
flask corked = no flies
flask covered with cheese cloth= no flies

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11
Q

Needham

A

challenged spontaneous generation

boiled broth in sealed flask = bacterial growth

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12
Q

Spellanzani

A

challenged spontaneous generation

boiled broth in sealed flask = no growth

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13
Q

Pasteur

A

mid 1800s
Father of Microbiology

disproved spontaneous generation–discovered fermentation!

found Acetobacter bacilli (staff/rod-chaped cells) in “sick wine”—normally only find yeast cells
heated (Pasteurized) the wine to kill bacteria, reinoculated with Saccharomyces (still used in winemaking)

Tried unsuccessfully to prove the germ theory of (infectious) disease, using flasks of broth (very labor- and time-consuming).

Advised animals that die of Anthrax be buried deep or cremated. [Bacillus anthracis: soil bacterium, infects cuts in mouth of animal, makes spores, produce deadly toxins in the blood]

later, pasteur developed successful vaccines agains fowl, cholera, anthrax, and rabies

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14
Q

saccharomyces cerevisiae

A

sugar fungus that makes beer
works in fermentation
-a microbiological even that has had a greater impact on culture and society than of any disease or epidemic

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15
Q

germ theory of disease

A

= discovery of bacteria spoiling wine + hypothesis that microbes are responsible for disease

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16
Q

Koch

A

mid1800s
German M.D., contemporary of Pasteur
Father of Diagnostic Microbiology

investigations in etiology
- study of causation of disease
race with pasteur to discover the cause of anthrax
- Bacillus anthracis
- the first time that bacterium was proven to cause a disease

discovered cause of tuberculosis
- mycobacterium tuberculosis
method of isolation
- used gelatin/potato. now days use agar

use petri dishes

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17
Q

Koch’s Postulates

A

Steps that must be taken to prove the cause of any infectious disease

  1. suspected causative agent must be found in every case of the disease and be absent from healthy hosts
  2. agent must be isolated and grown outside the host
  3. when agent is introduced into a healthy, susceptible host, the host must get the disease
  4. same agent must be found in the diseased experimental host
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18
Q

Semmelweis

A

handwashing
1847
women who gave birth in hospital were more likely to die from infection (child bed fever/puerperal fever—due to infeciton with Streptococcus pyogenes)–caused puerperal fever

said needed required handwashing in clorinated lime water = decreased mortality (18.3-1.3%)

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19
Q

Lister

A

Antiseptic technique
1860s
antiseptics in surgery (not the first)—used carbolic acid=phenol

decreased deaths by 2/3 in his patients
known as antisepsis- method was accepted into common practice

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20
Q

Nightingale

A

Cleanliness techniques in nursing

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21
Q

Snow

A

infection control/field of eidemiology
1854
linked cholera (Vibrio cholerae) with certain water sources in London (Broad Street pump)
classic cholera symptom: rice water stools with death by dehydration

his study founded other branches of microbiology:

  • infection control
  • epidemiology: study of occurrence, distribution, and spread of disease in humans
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22
Q

Jenner

A

smallpox vaccine/ field of immunology
showed that vaccination with pus collected from cowpox lesions prevented smallpox

field of immunology: study of body’s specific defenses against pathogens

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23
Q

Ehrlich

A

“magic bullets”/ field of chemotherapy
searched for a “magic bullet” that could kill microorganisms but remain nontoxic to humans
discovered chemicals effective against the agents that cause sleeping sickness and syphillis

chemotherapy: branch of medical microbiology, chemicals are studies for potential to destroy pathogenic organisms.

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24
Q

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD)

A

an emerging disease (a disease arising in the past two decades, either bc its new to a population, or bc its newly recognized

slowly erodes nervous tissure and leaves the brain full of sponge-like holes

no treatment

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25
Q

processes of life

A

growth: increase in size
reproduction: change in number
responsiveness: react to stimuli in the environment– (-taxis) chemotaxis and phototaxis
metabolism

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26
Q

Prokaryotes

A 
archaea and bacteria
never have a nucleus
lack internal membrane bound organelles
circular DNA
simple structure
smaller then 1um in diameter
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27
Q

eukaryotes

A 
algae, fungi, protozoa, animals and plants
have nucleus
linear DNA
complex structure
larger - 10-100um in diameter
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28
Q

external structures of bacterial cells (prokaryote)

A

glycocalyces
flagella
fimbriae
pilli

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29
Q

glycocalyces

A

gelatinous, sticky substance that surrounds outside of cell
composed of polysaccharides, polypeptides, or both
two types: capsule or slime layer

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30
Q

capsule glycocalyx

A

firmly attached to cell surface

may prevent bacteria from being recognized by host

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31
Q

slime layer glycocalyx

A

loosely attached to cell surface

sticky layer allows prokaryotes to attach to surfaces

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32
Q

flagella

A

responsible for movement
long structures that extend beyond cell surface
composed of: filament, hook, basal body
not present on all bacteria

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33
Q

flagella function

A

rotation propels bacterium
rotation is reversible (clockwise or counterclockwise)
bacteria move in response to taxis (stimuli)-chemotaxis/phototaxis
flagella runs (move in unison and propel forward) or tumbles (move in circles)

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34
Q

fimbriae

A

rod-like proteinaceous extension
sticky, bristlelike projections
used to adhere to one another, to hosts, and to sub. in environment
shorter than flagella
serve an important fxn in biofilms (ex. plaque on teeth)

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35
Q

pili

A

rod-like proteinaceous extension
tubules on pilin
also known as conjugation pili
(conjugation= “coming together”)
longer than fimbriae but shorter than flagella
only have one or two per cell
mediate the transfer of DNA from one cell to another (conjugation)**

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36
Q

Bacterial cell walls

A

provide structure and shape and protect cell from osmotic forces
give bacterial cells characteristic shapes
composed of peptidoglycan
two main types: gram + and gram -
(gram is a type of stain)

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37
Q

gram + cell walls

A

stronger than gram -
thick layer of peptidoglycan
contain teichoic acids- help provide rigidity
appear PURPLE after gram stain

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38
Q

gram - cell walls

A

thin layer of peptidoglycan
bilayer membrane outside peptidoglycan contains phospholipids, proteins, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
appear RED after gram stain

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39
Q

lipid A

A

endotoxin that causes damage
may be impediment to the treatment of disease
dead cells release lipid A
- may trigger fever, vasodilation, inflammation, shock and bld clotting

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40
Q

which cellular structure is important in classifying bacterial species as gram + or -?

A

the cell wall

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41
Q

bacterial cytoplasmic membranes

A

phospholipid bilayer structure- composed of lipids and associated proteins
fluid mosaic model
1. energy storage- harvest light in photosynthetic bacteria
2. selectively permeable- h2o and lipid soluble mol, or ex. small mol can pass in and out
3. maintain concentration and electrical gradient

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42
Q

passive process in crossing the cytoplasmic membrane of bacterial cells

A

diffusion
facilitated diffusion
osmosis

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43
Q

active process in crossing the cytoplasmic membrane of bacterial cells

A

active transport

group translocation: substance chemically modified during transport

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44
Q

diffusion

A

passive process through phospholipid bilayer

molecules move down electrochemical gradient
ex. oxygen, c02, lipid soluble chemicals

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45
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

passive process through a nonspecific channel protein or through a permease specific for one chemical (binding of substrate causes shape change in the channel protein)

molecules move down electrochemical gradient through channels or carrier proteins
ex. fructose, glucose, urea, some vitamins

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46
Q

osmosis

A

passive process of the diffusion of water through a specific channel protein or through the phospholipid bilayer
water molecules move down [ ] gradient across a selectively permeable membrane

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47
Q

active transport

A

uniport: one mol in
antiport: one mon in and one mol out
coupled transport- uniport and symport: one out in one channel and two in in another channel
ATP- dependent
carrier proteins brain substances into cell (against electrochemical gradient)
ex. Na, K, Ca, Cl

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48
Q

group translocaiton

A

substance is chemically altered during transport
found only in some bacteria
ex. glucose, mannose, fructose

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49
Q

cytoplasm of bacteria

A

cytosol: liquid portion of cytoplasm
inclusions
endospores

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50
Q

inclusions

A

may include reserve deposits of chemicals

stored when nutrients are in abundance, used when nutrients are scarce

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51
Q

endospores

A

unique structures produced by some bacteria that are defensive strategy against unfavorable conditions

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52
Q

cytoplasm of prokaryotes: nonmembranous organelles

A
  1. cytoskeleton: role in forming cells basic shape

2. ribosomes

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53
Q

ribosomes of prokaryotes

A

site of protein synthesis
size expressed in svedbergs (S)
70S are size
composed of 2 subunits (30S and 50S)

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54
Q

external structures of archaea

A

glycocalyces
flagella (differences from bacterial flagella)
fimbriae
hami

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55
Q

archaea hami (external structure)

A

attach archaea to surfaces

have a grappling-hook shaped structure to end

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56
Q

archaea cell walls

A

most archaea have them
do not have peptidoglycan
contain a variety of specialized polysaccharides and proteins

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57
Q

archaea cytoplasmic membranes

A

all archaea have them
maintain electrical and chemical gradients
control import and export of substances from the cell

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58
Q

cytoplasm of archaea

A

have 70S ribosomes
- ribosomal proteins are similar to eukaryotes
similar genetic code as eukaryotes
fibrous cytoskeleton
circular DNA
has different metabolic enzymes than bacteria to make RNA

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59
Q

glycocalyces of eukaryotic cells

A 
never a prokaryotic capsule
help anchor animal cells to each other
strengthen cell surface
provide protection against dehydration
fxn in cell-to-cell recognition and communication
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60
Q

eukaryotic cell walls

A

animals and most protozoan lack them
fungi, algae, plants and some protozoa have them
composed of various polysaccharides

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61
Q

eukaryotic cytoplasmic membranes

A

all eukaryotes have them
fluid mosaic of phospholipids and proteins
contain steroid lipids to help maintain fluidity
contain regions of lipids and proteins called membrane rafts

have passive and active processes

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62
Q

membrane rafts

A

in eukaryoic cytoplasmic membrane
to compartmentalize cellular processes
composed of lipids and proteins

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63
Q

passive processes of eukaryotic cytoplasmic membranes

A

diffusion
facilitated diffusion
osmosis

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64
Q

active processes of eukaryotic cytoplasmic membranes

A 
active transport
endocytosis
exocytosis
phagocytosis
pinocytosis
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65
Q

endocytosis

A

physical manipulation of cytoplasmic membrane around cytoskeleton
form pseudopodia

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66
Q

exocytosis

A

substances exported from cell

vesicles containing substances are fused w/ cytoplasmic membrane, dumping their contents outside of cell

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67
Q

phagocytosis

A

solids imported into cell

substances are surrounded by pseudopodia and brought into cell

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68
Q

pinocytosis

A

liquid imported into cell

substances are surrounded by pseudopodia and brought into cell

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69
Q

eukaryotic flagella

A

within cytoplasmic membrane
filaments anchored to cell by basal body (not hook)
may be single or multiple, generally found at one pole of the cell
fxn by undulate rhythmically (not rotation)

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70
Q

cytoplasm of eukaryotic: cilia

A

shorter and more numerous than flagella
coordinated beating propels cells through environment
used to move substances past the surface of the cell
movement of cilia help cleanse human respiratory tract of dust and microorganisms
no prokaryotic cells have cilia

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71
Q

cytoplasm of eukaryotes

A

nonmembranous: flagella, cilia, ribosomes, cytoskeleton, centrioles, centrosomes
membranous: nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi body, mitochondria, chloroplasts

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72
Q

eukaryotic ribosomes

A

80S

composed of two subunits (60S and 40S)

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73
Q

eukaryotic cytoskeleton

A

extensive network of fibers and tubules
anchors organelles
produces basic shape of the cell
made up of tubulin microtubules, actin microfilaments, and intermediate filaments

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74
Q

eukaryotic centrioles and centrosomes

A

animal cells and some fungal cells contain two centrioles

plants, algae, most fungi, and prokaryotes lack centrioles

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75
Q

centrioles

A

play a role in mitosis, cytokinesis (cell division), and formation of flagella and cilia

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76
Q

centrosomes

A

region of cytoplasm where centrioles are found

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77
Q

eukaryotic nucleus

A 
largest organelle in cell
contains most of cells DNA
nucleoplasm: semi-liquid portion 
one or more nucleoli present in nucleoplasm
surounded by nuclear envelope
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78
Q

eukaryotic endoplasmic reticulum

A

netlike arrangement of flattened, hollow tubules continuous with nuclear envelope
fxns as transport system
smooth ER and rough ER

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79
Q

eukaryotic golgi body

A

not in all eukaryotic cells

  1. receives, processes, and packages large molecules of export from cell
  2. packages mol in secretory vesicles that fuse with cytoplasmic membrane
  3. composed of flattened hollow sacs surrounded by phospholipid bilayer
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80
Q

eukaryotic mitochondria

A

2 membranes composed of phospholipid bilayer
produce most of cells ATP
interior matrix contains 70S ribosomes and circular molecule of DNA

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81
Q

eukaryotic chloroplasts

A

light harvesting structures
have 2 phospholipid bilayer membranes and DNA
70S ribosomes
prokaryotes lack chloroplasts but have photosynthetic lamelle

82
Q

photosynthetic lamelle

A

instead of chloroplast prokaryotes have these

83
Q

resolution

A

shortest distance btwn two points on a specimen that can still be distinguished by the observer as separate entities

84
Q

contrast

A

differences in intensity btwn two objects, or btwn an object and background
important in determining resolution
staining increases contrast
ex. x-rays

85
Q

staining

A

increases contrast and resolution by coloring specimens with stains/dyes

smear of microorganisms made prior to staining bust be fixed with heat

86
Q

simple stains

A

crystal violet- purple
safranin- magenta
methylene blue- blue
malachite green- green

87
Q

differential stains

A

gram stain
acid fast stain
endospore stain

88
Q

special stain

A

negative (capsule) stain

flagellar stain

89
Q

mycobacteria

A

group of bacteria that do not have the typical peptidoglycan cell wall

their cell walls have a high waxy mycolic acid content- makes them resistant to decolorization by acids during staining procedures such as the gram stain

referred to as acid- fast bacteria

90
Q

ziehl-neelson acid fast stain

A
  1. red primary stain
  2. decolorize (alcohol): acid fast cells retain red color bc acid cannot pennetrate waxy walls
  3. counterstain (methylene blue): stains only bleached, non-acid fast cells
    RESULTS
    red acid-fast cells = mycobacteria
    blue non-acid fast cells = including human cells and tissue
91
Q

schaeffer-fulton endospore stain

A
  1. malachite green primary stain: use heat to drive into the endospore
  2. decolorize (water)
  3. counterstain (safranin)
    RESULTS
    green stained = endospores
    red colored = vegetative cells
92
Q

negative (capsule) stain

A

primarily used to reveal the presence of negatively charged bacterial capsules

93
Q

flagellar stain

A

applied in a series of steps

stains bind to flagella, increase their diameter, and change their color– all increase contrast and make them visible

94
Q

Linnaeus

A

system classified organisms bases on characteristics in common

used binomial nomenclature in his system

proposed only two kindoms: animals and plants

95
Q

whittaker

A

proposed taxonomic approach based on 5 kingdoms: animalia, plantae, fungi, protista, prokaryotae

96
Q

Carl woese

A

compared nucleotide sequences of rRNA subunits

proposed 3 domains (as determined by ribosomal nucleotide sequences): eukarya, bacteria, and archaea
- eukarya has: fungi, protista, algae, plantae, animalia
cells in domains also differ w/ respect to many other characteristics

97
Q

dicotomous keys

A

series of paired statements where only one of two “either/or” choices applies to an organism

key directs user to another pair of statements, or provides name of organism

98
Q

necrotizing fasciitis

A

emerging disease
red, purple, and black inflammation- grows large
extremely painful
“flesh-eating” disease
caused by Group A streptococcus- gram + bacteria

99
Q

which differential stain ends up with red and blue cells?

A

acid fast

100
Q

microbial colony

A

aggregation of cells arising from a single parent cell

101
Q

microbial biofilm

A

collection of microbes in a complex community

102
Q

microbial growth requirements

A
  1. oxygen: amt varies widely
  2. temperature: most important factor-large range
  3. pH: thrive in pH of 6-9 (animal pathogens best in pH 7)
  4. moisture
  5. osmotic pressure: created by osmosis
  6. light: most pathogens are killed by direct sun
  7. food
103
Q

psychrophilic

A

prefer cold temps

take part in spoilage of food in refrigerator

104
Q

mesophilic

A

prefer moderate temps

most pathogenic organisms

105
Q

hyper thermophilic

A

prefer high temps

106
Q

autotrophic

A

organisms thrive in areas where organic matter is scarce
they are self-nourishing
ex. algae and some bacteria

107
Q

herterotrophic

A

organisms use organic matter for energy and synthesis of cell materials
can be:
1. strict (obligate) saprophytes- obtain nutritional need from non-living sources
2. strict (obligate) parasites- only grow on other living organisms
3. facultative organisms- live and adapt in food conditions that may vary

108
Q

culturing microorganisms: inoculum

A

sample

  • environmental specimen
  • clinical specimen
  • stored specimen
109
Q

culturing microorganisms: medium

A

collection of nutrients

  • broth (liquid)
  • solid
110
Q

culturing microorganisms: culture

A

microorganisms that form from an inoculum

act of cultivating microorganisms

111
Q

culturing microorganisms: colonies

A

cultures that are visible on the surface of a solid media

112
Q

culture media

A 
some microbes are not particular and can be grown in a variety of media, others require specific nutrients
6 types: 
1. defined media
2. complex media
3. selective media
4. differential media
5. anaerobic media
6. transport media
113
Q

culturing microorganisms: defined media (synthetic media)

A

exact chemical composition is known

114
Q

culturing microorganisms: complex media

A

exact chemical composition is unknown
contain a variety of nutrients
can support a wider variety of microorganisms
ex. nutrient broth, trypticase soy agar, Macconkey agar

115
Q

culturing microorganisms: selective media

A

contain substances that favor or inhibit the growth of particular organisms
dyes and salts added; specific nutrients left out
ex. sabouraud dextrose agar, mcConkey agar

116
Q

culturing microorganisms: differential media

A

presence of visible changes in medium or differences in the appearance of colonies help differentiate organisms
ex. blood agar, macconkey agar

117
Q

culturing microorganisms: preserving cultures

A

refrigeration: stores for short periods of time
deep-freezing: stores for years
lyophilization (freeze dry): stores for decades

118
Q

geneticcs

A

study of inheritance and inheritable traits as expressed in an organisms genetic material

119
Q

genome

A

entire genetic complement of an organism

includes its genes and nucleotide sequences

120
Q

structure of prokaryotic genomes: prokaryotic chromosomes

A

haploid: one copy of chromosome

circular molecule of DNA in nucleoid

121
Q

structure of prokaryotic genomes: plasmids

A

small molecules of extra-chromosomal DNA that replicate independently
NOT essential for normal metabolism, growth, or reproduction
can confer survival advantages

122
Q

structure of prokaryotic genomes: types of plasmids

A

fertility factors (F plasmid)
resistance factors (R plasmid)
bateriocin factors
virulence plasmids

123
Q

structure of prokaryotic genomes: nuclear chromosomes

A

diploid: two chromosome copies

linear DNA sequestered w/in nucleus

124
Q

gene function

A

relationship btwn genotype and phenotype

genotype: internally coded, inheritable info
phenotype: outward, physical appearance

125
Q

central dogma of genetics

A

DNA transcribed to RNA, RNA translated to protein (polypeptides)

126
Q

transcription

A

info in DNA copied as RNA

127
Q

translation

A

polypedtides synthesized from RNA

128
Q

A genotype can be expressed as a phenotype in what way?

A

by translation and transcription

129
Q

what type of plasmid was the member of antibiotic resistance offering Albert?

A

R plasmid (resistance plasmid)

130
Q

point mutations

A

most common
one base pair is affected
insertions and deletions (frameshift), substitutions

131
Q

silent mutations

A

substitutions doesnt change amino acid sequence

due to redundancy of genetic code

132
Q

missense mutations

A

codon changes into codon for a different amino acid- makes sense but not the right sense

133
Q

nonsense mutations

A

codon changes into stop codon

results in nonfunctional protein

134
Q

genetic recombinaiton

A

exchange of nucleotide sequences btwn 2 DNA molecules

135
Q

recombinants

A

cells w/ DNA molecules that contain new arrangements of nucleotide sequences

136
Q

vertical gene transfer

A

organisms replicate their genomes and provide copies to descendants

normal process in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

137
Q

horizontal gene transfer: prokaryotes

A

acquire genes from other microbes of the same generations
donor cell contributes part of genome to recipient cell–may be different species

three types:

  1. transformation
  2. transduction
  3. bacterial conjugation
138
Q

horizontal gene transfer: transformation

A

recipient cell takes up DNA from environment
cells that take up DNA are called competent
occurs only a few types of bacteria
“gifted” bacteria can pick up info from the dead

139
Q

horizontal gene transfer: transduction

A

transfer of DNA from one cell to another via a replicating virus
generalized and specialized

140
Q

horizontal gene transfer: generalized transduction

A

transducing phage carries random DNA segment form donor to recipient

141
Q

horizontal gene transfer: specialized transduciton

A

only certain donor DNA sequences are transferred

142
Q

horizontal gene transfer: bacterial conjucation

A

not the same as reproduction
transfer of DNA from one cell to another, mediated by conjugation pili

donor cell requires F plasmid (F+)–“male”
recipient cell lacks F plasmid (F-)–“female”

143
Q

Vibrio vulnificus

A

emerging disease
person fells chilled, feverish, extremely weak and tired.
infected area can get tight, swollen, dark red, painful and covered in blisters
many ppl lose a limb or die

144
Q

reproduction of prokaryotic cells

A 
all reproduce asexually
three main methods: 
1. binary fission (most common)
2. snapping division
3. budding
145
Q

special reproduction

A

epulopiscium and its relatives reproduce by live offspring emerging from the body of the dead mother cell (viviparity)

146
Q

mycoplasma “fried egg”

A

bacteria with no cell wall
when grown on media will form a fried-egg appearance
colonize osmotically protected habitats such as animal and human bodies (mycoplasma- pneumonia, ureaplasma-urinary infection)
will stain red in gram-stain

147
Q

pertusis

A 
emerging diseases
develop cold like symptoms
constant coughing- can break ribs
vomiting, fainting
usually considered a childhood disease
infected ppl can spread bordatella in respiratory droplets
148
Q

Archaea: methanogens

A

largest group of archaea
convert co2 and h2 to methane gas
one of primary sources of environmental methane
“greenhouse gas”

149
Q

Archaea: extremophiles

A 
require extreme conditions to survive
temp, pH, or salinity
4 types: 
thermophiles
psychrophiles
halophiles
acidophiles
150
Q

Archaea: extremophiles: thermophiles

A

require high temperatures to survive

hyperthermophiles- require temps higher than 176F

151
Q

Archaea: extremophiles: psychrophiles (cryophiles)

A

require low temps to survive

152
Q

Archaea: extremophiles: halophiles

A

inhabit extremely saline habitats
depend on greater than 9% NaCl (humans are only .9%)
may contain orange or red pigments
may protect from UV and visible light

153
Q

Archaea: extremophiles: adiophiles

A

thrive under acidic environment pH less than 2

154
Q

major groups of eukaryotes

A 
protozoa
fungi
algae
parasitic helminths
arthropod vectors
155
Q

reproduction of eukaryotes

A

multiple types of asexual reproduction:

  • binary fission
  • budding
  • fragmentation
  • spore formation (not same as sporeulation)
  • schizogony

also reproduce sexually by forming gametes and zygotes
algae, fungi, and some protozoa reproduce both sexually and asexually

156
Q

eukaryotes: protozoa

A

defined by eukaryotic, unicellular, and lack a cell wall
require moist environments: most live in ponds/streams/lakes/oceans- or in moist soil, decaying organic matter
very few are pathogenic**

157
Q

eukaryotes: protozoa: morphology and reproduciton

A

all produce trophozoites (motile feeding stage)
some produce cysts (similar to endospore, resting stage)
some have contractile vacuoles (protect from osmotic lysis)
most reproduce asexually only
few have sexual reproduc.

158
Q

the motile feeding stage of a protozoan is called what?

A

trophozoite

159
Q

eukaryotes: protozoa: dinoflagellates

A

large proportion of freshwater and marine plankton
bioluminescent
many reproduce neurotoxins that can affect humans who ingest fish or shellfish that have been infected

160
Q

eukaryotes: fungi

A

chemoheterotrophic
have cell walls typically composed of chitin
no photosynthesis
30% cause diseases of plants, animals, and humans (mycoses)

161
Q

eukaryotes: fungi: morphology: thallus

A

nonreproductive body

composed of long, branched, tubular filaments called hyphae

162
Q

eukaryotes: fungi: morphology: dimorphic

A

fungi that reproduce 2 types of thalli

generally yeast form of dimorphics cause diseases

163
Q

eukaryotes: fungi: morphology: mycelium

A

tangled mass of hyphae

typically subterranean

164
Q

eukaryotes: fungi: reproduction

A

all have some means of asexual reproduction
most reproduce sexually
budding and asexual spore formation
- produce psudohypha

165
Q

eukaryotes: fungi: psudohypha

A

series of buds that remain attached to one another and to parent cell

166
Q

Aspergillosis

A

emerging diseases
rare but increasingly more frequent
difficulty breathing, fever, chest pain, coughing up blood, extreme tiredness, weakness, delirium, possible paralysis

167
Q

what term refers to a mass of intertwined fungal hyphae

A

mycelium

168
Q

parasitic helminths

A

worms that have microscopic infective and diagnostic stages- usually eggs or larvae

169
Q

arthropod vectors

A

animals that carry pathogens

170
Q

mechanical vector

A

only carry the pathogen

171
Q

biological vector

A

serve as host for pathogen

172
Q

disease vectors

A

two classes:
arachnids- ticks and mites
insects- fleas, lice, flies, mosquitoes, true bugs

173
Q

disease vectors: arachnids

A

adults have four pairs of legs
ticks and mites
ticks are most important

174
Q

arthropod vectors: insects

A

adults have three pairs of legs and three body regions

mosquitoes are most imortant

175
Q

characteristics of viruses

A

miniscule, acellular, infectious agent having either DNA or RNA
cause most diseases that plague industrialized world
cause many infections of humans, animas, plants, and bacteria

176
Q

characteristics of viruses: extracellular state: viron

A

protein coat (capsid) surrounding a nucleic acid core
together these units are referred to as nucleocapsid
outer coat provides protection for viral nucleic acid and means of attachment to host cells

177
Q

characteristics of viruses: extracellular state: envelope

A

outer structure that encloses the nucleocapsids of some viruses

178
Q

characteristics of viruses: intracellular state

A

once the virus is inside the host the capsid is removed

virus exists simply as nucleic acid

179
Q

host of viruses

A

most viruses infect only particular hosts cells
may be so specific that only infect particular kind of cell in particular host
some are general- infect many kinds of cells in many hosts

180
Q

viral shapes

A

complex: capsids of many shapes
polyhedral: geodesic dome
helical: spiral

181
Q

viral envelope

A

acquired from host cell during viral replication or release
some have viral glycoproteins that project, called spikes
provides protection, plays role in host recognition, helps viruses enter host cells
has envelope = enveloped viron
no envelope = noneveloped/naked viron

182
Q

classification of viruses

A

by type of nucleic acid, presence of an envelope, shape, and size
recognized by family and genus names
typically written with virus on end w/ italics

183
Q

viral replicaiton

A

dependent on hosts organelles and enzymes to produce new virons
lytic replication- results in death and lysis of host cell

184
Q

viral replication: stages of lytic replication

A
  1. attachement of virion to host cell
  2. entry of virion or its genome into host cell
  3. synthesis of new nucleic acids and viral proteins by the host cell’s enzymes and ribosomes
  4. assembly of the new virions w/in the host cell
  5. release of the new virions from the host cell
185
Q

viral replicaiton: lysogeny

A

modified replication cycle
infected host cells grow and reproduce normally for generations before they lyse
temperate phages
- prophages: inactive phages

186
Q

viral replicaiton: lysogenic conversion

A

when phages carry genes that alter phenotype of a bacterium

can turn bacterium from harmless to pathogen

187
Q

replication of animal viruses

A

same basic replication pathway as bacteriophage EXCEPT:

  1. presence of envelope around some viruses
  2. eukaryotic nature of animal cells
  3. lack of cell wall
188
Q

attachment of animal viruses

A

chemical attraction
animal viruses do not have tails or tail fibers
- have glycoprotein spikes or other attachment molecules that mediate attachment

189
Q

latency of animal viruses

A

or proviruses
when animal viruses remain dormant in host cell
incorporation of provirus into host DNA is permanent

190
Q

oncovirus

A

result in cancer

genes for cell division turned on or genes for inhibiting division turned off

191
Q

neoplasia

A

uncontrolled cell division in multicellular animal

192
Q

tumor (neoplasm)

A

mass of neoplastic cells

193
Q

malignant tumor

A

cancer

metastasis

194
Q

viroids

A

extremely small
circular pieces of RNA that lack capsids
infectious and pathogenic in plants

195
Q

viroidlike agents

A

infectious
pathogenic RNA particles that lack capsids
do not infect plants
- affect some fungi

196
Q

prions

A

proteinacious infectious agents
lack nucleic acid
only destroyed by incineration or autoclaving in sodium hydroxide

197
Q

cellular PrP protein

A

made by all mammals

normal structure w/ alpha helices

198
Q

prion PrP

A

disease causing form w/ beta sheets

199
Q

prion PrP converts cellular prp into prion PrP

A

by inducing conformational change

200
Q

prion diseases

A

expression is most predominant in the nervous system
large vacuoles form in brain- spongy
spongiform encephalopathies: BSE, vCJD, Kuru
composed of different protein may lie behind other neuronal degenerative diseases like: alzheimers, parkinsons, ALS

Microbiology (4 decks)

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