Exam 1 (1-5) Flashcards
1
Q
taxonomic order
A
domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
2
Q
experimental variable
A
independent variable, what is being tested
3
Q
responding variable
A
dependent variable, result or change occurring due to experimental variable
4
Q
test group
A
exposed to experimental variable
5
Q
control group
A
not exposed to experimental variable
6
Q
matter
A
anything that takes up space and has mass
7
Q
elements
A
basic substances that cannot be broken down
8
Q
atomic number
A
number of protons in nucleus of atom
9
Q
mass number
A
number of protons and neutrons in nucleus of atom
10
Q
isotopes
A
Same element but different numbers of neutrons
11
Q
orbitals
A
known as electron shells, show average energy level of the electrons
12
Q
valence shell
A
outermost electron shell, determines chemical properties
13
Q
octet rule
A
atom will be most stable when outer shell is complete with 8 electrons (except hydrogen)
14
Q
ions
A
charged particles
15
Q
ionic
A
charged
16
Q
covalent
A
share electrons
17
Q
nonpolar covalent
A
shared electrons are equal
18
Q
polar covalent
A
shared electrons is unequal
19
Q
acidic
A
high H+ concentration, release hydrogen ions
20
Q
basic
A
low H+ concentration, take up hydrogen, or release OH- (hydroxide) ions
21
Q
buffer
A
chemical or combination of chemical that keeps pH within normal limits
22
Q
organization of life
A
life is structured in the order of atoms to molecules, to organelles, cells, tissues, and beyond until a full multicellular organism is created
23
Q
life requires energy
A
energy originates from solar energy (UV light) to be transferred to inorganic compounds into organic compounds
24
Q
homeostasis
A
regulation of balance - in body temperature, blood sugar, etc.
25
reproduction of life
asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction, how genes are passed on
26
examples of adaptation, evolution and response
protection from predation, using different means to adjust to a situation, whether behavioral, evolutionary, environmental, etc.
27
bulk element
makes up majority of every living cell
28
trace element
required in small amounts in cell
29
95% of body weight is based in
nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon
30
atom
smallest part of element that retains element characteristics, made of subatomic particles
31
stable isotope
naturally occurs at different levels
32
radioactive isotopes
constantly decay and emit radioactive energy
33
bohr model
displays electron layout of an atom of an element, most stable is when valence shell is following octet rule
34
period
how many shells
35
group
electrons in valence shell
36
molecule
2 or more elements bonded together
37
compound
2 or more different elements bonded together
38
chemical bond
attractive force that holds elements together to create molecules
39
electronegativity
atoms ability to attract electrons on a scale from 0-4
40
ionic bonding
electrons are transferred, charge is inbalanced
41
covalent bonding
electrons are shared
42
non polar covalent bonding
electrons are equally shared, little difference in electronegativity is present
43
polar covalent bond
electrons are unequally shared, greater electronegativity difference
44
hydrogen bonding
opposite charge, weak bond, temporary
45
gram positive
thick peptidoglycan, purple color
46
gram negative
think peptidoglycan, pink color
47
phospholipids
2 fatty acid tails (hydrophobic) with carbon bond to phosphate group (hydrophilic), part of cell membrane, have selective permeability
48
proteins
amino acid monomer, polypeptide polymer, biggest impact on structure and function in body
49
amino acids can be categorized as...
hydrophobic, hydrophilic or ionized
50
primary structure
linear sequence of AAs are connected with peptide bond
51
secondary structure
hydrogen bonds form alpha helix or beta pleated sheet
52
tertiary structure
interaction with single protein or water occurs and bonding occurs via disulfide bond, folding protein
53
quaternary structure
multiple polypeptide chains are combined
54
PF support structure
keratin, collagen
55
PF metabolic
enzymes that act as catalysts, need specific temp and pH
56
PF transport
membrane proteins, entering and exiting cells, hemoglobin, cholesterol
57
PF defense
antibodies
58
PF regulation
hormones, insulin
59
PF motion
actin, myosin
60
nucleic acids
polymer of nucleotides, codes for protein construction
61
nucleic acid types
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid)
62
composition of NA
phosphate group, sugar, nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine, or uracil)
63
RNA
ribose sugar group (OH), single stranded
64
DNA
deoxyribose sugar group (H), double stranded
65
DNA nitrogenous bases
Adenine with Thymine, Guanine with Cytosine
66
RNA nitrogenous bases
Adenine with Uracil, Guanine with Cytosine
67
dehydration synthesis
creation of molecules, results in water as a product, monomer to polymer
68
hydrolysis
breaking of molecules, requires water to occur, polymer to monomer
69
DNA function
stores genetic info, tells cells what amino acids to make, inherited from parents, indicates species relation
70
RNA function
replicates genetic info, protein synthesis (translation), modified into ATP to carry energy
71
ATP
adenosine triphosphate, high energy molecule because phosphate bonds are unstable, energy source of cell
72
WP heat capacity
lots of energy is needed to raise temperature
73
calorie
amount of heat energy needed to raise 1g of water by 1C
74
WP heat of evaporation
when water boils it evaporates
75
WP solvent
dissolves substances (solute) particularly with other polar molecules
76
hydrophobic
water hating
77
hydrophilic
water loving
78
WP cohesion / surface tension
when water is next to other molecules of different type, hydrogen bonds keep water together
79
WP adhesion
water molecules form hydrogen bonds with other substances
80
capillary action
water moves due to forces of adhesion, cohesion, and surface tension against gravity
81
WP about density
ice floats because water is more dense, rigid hydrogen bonds are formed
82
what are functional groups
combination of atoms that react the same way
83
functional groups examples
carboxyl, amino, phosphate, hydroxyl
84
isomers
chemicals with same formula, but different arrangements
85
carbohydrates
contain carbon hydrogen and oxygen, immediate energy source, structurally important
86
monosaccharide
simple sugar with 3-7 carbons
87
polysaccharide / disaccharide
monosaccharides added together, produces water, where energy is stored as starch, glycogen
88
structural polysaccharides
cellulose, chitin, peptidoglycan
89
characteristics of lipids
fats, hydrophobic, don't dissolved in water
90
triglycerides
fats and oils, 3 long hydrocarbon chains bonded to glycerol
91
kink
bent structure of one fatty acid tail meant to prevent close packing which results in overall substance melting at lower temperatures
92
saturated
all hydrogens possible are present (no double bonds between carbon)
93
unsaturated
have at least one double bond between carbon, reduces number of hydrogen bonds
94
sterols
4 interconnected carbon rings (vit D, testosterone, cortisone)
95
waxes
fatty acids combined with alcohol or other hydrocarbons, hydrophobic
96
endosymbiotic theory
aerobic bacterium became involved with cell developing into mitochondria, photosynthetic bacterium then involved in cells developed into chloroplasts allowing photosynthesis and developing autotrophic behavior
97
cell size
most surface area possible, because of small size
98
surface area of cells examples
fish gills, pollen grains, root hairs
99
endomembrane system
membrane bearing organelles working together to transport products with vesicles
100
nucleus
| and what is DNA stored as
stores genetic information, contains chromatin (condensed DNA) that forms chromosomes
101
ribosome
synthesis of proteins, can be free in cytoplasm or embedded in rough ER, information is stored and converted into AA during translation
102
rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
embedded ribosomes, directly touching nucleus, where 3D shape of proteins occurs
103
smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
lack of ribosomes, where lipids are produced
104
golgi apparatus
processes and modifies proteins, receives lipids and proteins from ER, establishes proteins to final functional form
105
lysosome
digestive organelle produced by the golgi in animals, has low pH, destroys non functional organelles and cytoplasm, reuses subunits in cell
106
perioxisomes
digestive organelle with enzymes generated in free golgi, known for breaking down fatty acids
107
vacuole
organelle filled with water fluid (found in plants), maintains hydrostatic pressure (turgidity), stores water
108
chloroplast
uses solar energy to synthesize carbs, has double phospholipid bilayer, has chlorophyll pigments, only found in plants
109
mitochondria
organelle that breaks down carbs to produce ATP, found in eukaryotic cells, cellular respiration used to produce ATP, forms concentration gradients all over the cell
110
cytoskeleton
structural support, creates shape of cell
111
actin filaments
long thin flexible fibers forming a web, interact with motor molecules to produce motion
112
intermediate filaments
medium thickness, cell to cell communication, mechanical strength
113
microtubules
hollow cylinders made of protein called tubulin, assembled at centrosome, organized by centrioles
114
centrioles in centrosome
short cylinders arranged in triplets of microtubules of cytoskeleton
115
cilia and flagella
originate at centrioles, allow for total cell movement
116
cells functions
manufacture, breakdown and storage, energy processing, movement, and communication
117
selective permeability
some but not all substances can pass through membrane
118
what can pass through a membrane
small non polar (hydrophobic) molecules like oxygen
119
what can not pass through a membrane
ions and polar molecules (without application of energy)
120
fluid mosaic model
rather than a rigid membrane model, a multi-component structure with many molecules that drift laterally in bilayer fluid
121
Fluid Mosaic Model for cholesterol
determines rigidity
122
Fluid Mosaic Model for carbs
cellular identification
123
channel protein
allows particular molecules or ions to cross the plasma membrane freely, no change in shape, used in hydrogen ion transport
124
aquaporin
channel protein allowing polar water molecules to cross cellular membrane, maintains water pressure
125
carrier protein
selectively interacts with specific molecule or ion and changes shape to allow molecule or ion to pass through, seen with sodium and potassium transport
126
cell recognition protein
glycoproteins that help the body recognize when foreign cells are present, triggering an immune response, used to detect pathogens in body
127
receptor protein
shaped so only a specific molecule can bind, then changes shape to elicit cellular response, seen with insulin triggering liver to store glycogen
128
enzymatic protein
catalyzes a specific reaction, attached to membrane inside cell, important for metabolism
129
junction protein
form connections between cells, signaling molecules that can pass through gap.
130
solute
substance (usually solid) that dissolves in liquid
131
solvent
substances (usually liquid) dissolves solute in it
132
solution
combination of solute and solvent as a substance overall
133
transport across membrane
molecule movement from high to low for equilibrium to be reached
134
concentration gradient
the difference in balance between concentration in one region and concentration in the next, leads to "want" for movement, has potential energy
135
more potential energy
more organized, less stable, more entropy
136
less potential energy
more kinetic energy, less organized, more stable, less entropy
137
passive transport
no energy needed, simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis
138
active transport
energy needed, against concentration gradient, bulk transport, need transport protein, and energy
139
simple diffusion
substance moves across gradient and naturally spreads out across space to create equilibrium, no energy needed, no protein used
140
facilitated diffusion
substance moves across membrane with transport protein, but no energy is used, carrier protein, movement of larger polar molecules
141
osmosis
water diffuses across semipermeable membrane, but solute stays behind, volume regulation in cells
142
isotonic solution
solute and water are same inside and outside
143
hypotonic solution
lower concentration of solute (more water) outside than inside cell -- can cause cell to lyse
144
hypertonic solution
higher concentration of solute (lower water) than inside cell -- can cause cell to shrivel up in a process known as plasmolysis
145
turgor pressure in plants
force of water in vacuole against cell wall
146
osmoregulation
regulates to a certain level of balance with salt and water, regardless of environment
147
osmoconformers
balances to the conditions of the environment with salt and water
148
bulk transport
occurs via vesicle
149
exocytosis
fuses with membrane from inside, pushing substance out of cell, exits
150
endocytosis
forms outside cell, engulfs nutrients, fuses with membrane, enters cell
151
endocytosis
pinocytosis, phagocytosis, receptor mediated
152
pinocytosis
very small particles (liquids),a type of endocytosis
153
receptor mediated
receptors are binded on plasma membrane, a type of endocytosis
154
phagocytosis
bacterial cell, particle fragment (solid)
155
extracellular matrix
ECM, things outside cell
156
junction examples
animals, gaps (cell communication), tight (zipper), adhesion (sturdy but flexible, expand and contract)
157
plasmodesmata
plants, pathways for transferring nutrients, and water
158
Fluid Mosaic Model for proteins
varies based on cell type
