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Mar Bio 106 > Exam 1 (1-5) > Flashcards

Exam 1 (1-5) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

taxonomic order

A

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

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2
Q

experimental variable

A

independent variable, what is being tested

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3
Q

responding variable

A

dependent variable, result or change occurring due to experimental variable

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4
Q

test group

A

exposed to experimental variable

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5
Q

control group

A

not exposed to experimental variable

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6
Q

matter

A

anything that takes up space and has mass

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7
Q

elements

A

basic substances that cannot be broken down

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8
Q

atomic number

A

number of protons in nucleus of atom

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9
Q

mass number

A

number of protons and neutrons in nucleus of atom

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10
Q

isotopes

A

Same element but different numbers of neutrons

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11
Q

orbitals

A

known as electron shells, show average energy level of the electrons

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12
Q

valence shell

A

outermost electron shell, determines chemical properties

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13
Q

octet rule

A

atom will be most stable when outer shell is complete with 8 electrons (except hydrogen)

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14
Q

ions

A

charged particles

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15
Q

ionic

A

charged

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16
Q

covalent

A

share electrons

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17
Q

nonpolar covalent

A

shared electrons are equal

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18
Q

polar covalent

A

shared electrons is unequal

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19
Q

acidic

A

high H+ concentration, release hydrogen ions

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20
Q

basic

A

low H+ concentration, take up hydrogen, or release OH- (hydroxide) ions

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21
Q

buffer

A

chemical or combination of chemical that keeps pH within normal limits

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22
Q

organization of life

A

life is structured in the order of atoms to molecules, to organelles, cells, tissues, and beyond until a full multicellular organism is created

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23
Q

life requires energy

A

energy originates from solar energy (UV light) to be transferred to inorganic compounds into organic compounds

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24
Q

homeostasis

A

regulation of balance - in body temperature, blood sugar, etc.

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25
Q

reproduction of life

A

asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction, how genes are passed on

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26
Q

examples of adaptation, evolution and response

A

protection from predation, using different means to adjust to a situation, whether behavioral, evolutionary, environmental, etc.

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27
Q

bulk element

A

makes up majority of every living cell

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28
Q

trace element

A

required in small amounts in cell

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29
Q

95% of body weight is based in

A

nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon

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30
Q

atom

A

smallest part of element that retains element characteristics, made of subatomic particles

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31
Q

stable isotope

A

naturally occurs at different levels

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32
Q

radioactive isotopes

A

constantly decay and emit radioactive energy

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33
Q

bohr model

A

displays electron layout of an atom of an element, most stable is when valence shell is following octet rule

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34
Q

period

A

how many shells

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35
Q

group

A

electrons in valence shell

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36
Q

molecule

A

2 or more elements bonded together

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37
Q

compound

A

2 or more different elements bonded together

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38
Q

chemical bond

A

attractive force that holds elements together to create molecules

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39
Q

electronegativity

A

atoms ability to attract electrons on a scale from 0-4

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40
Q

ionic bonding

A

electrons are transferred, charge is inbalanced

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41
Q

covalent bonding

A

electrons are shared

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42
Q

non polar covalent bonding

A

electrons are equally shared, little difference in electronegativity is present

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43
Q

polar covalent bond

A

electrons are unequally shared, greater electronegativity difference

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44
Q

hydrogen bonding

A

opposite charge, weak bond, temporary

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45
Q

gram positive

A

thick peptidoglycan, purple color

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46
Q

gram negative

A

think peptidoglycan, pink color

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47
Q

phospholipids

A

2 fatty acid tails (hydrophobic) with carbon bond to phosphate group (hydrophilic), part of cell membrane, have selective permeability

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48
Q

proteins

A

amino acid monomer, polypeptide polymer, biggest impact on structure and function in body

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49
Q

amino acids can be categorized as…

A

hydrophobic, hydrophilic or ionized

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50
Q

primary structure

A

linear sequence of AAs are connected with peptide bond

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51
Q

secondary structure

A

hydrogen bonds form alpha helix or beta pleated sheet

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52
Q

tertiary structure

A

interaction with single protein or water occurs and bonding occurs via disulfide bond, folding protein

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53
Q

quaternary structure

A

multiple polypeptide chains are combined

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54
Q

PF support structure

A

keratin, collagen

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55
Q

PF metabolic

A

enzymes that act as catalysts, need specific temp and pH

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56
Q

PF transport

A

membrane proteins, entering and exiting cells, hemoglobin, cholesterol

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57
Q

PF defense

A

antibodies

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58
Q

PF regulation

A

hormones, insulin

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59
Q

PF motion

A

actin, myosin

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60
Q

nucleic acids

A

polymer of nucleotides, codes for protein construction

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61
Q

nucleic acid types

A

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid)

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62
Q

composition of NA

A

phosphate group, sugar, nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine, or uracil)

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63
Q

RNA

A

ribose sugar group (OH), single stranded

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64
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribose sugar group (H), double stranded

65
Q

DNA nitrogenous bases

A

Adenine with Thymine, Guanine with Cytosine

66
Q

RNA nitrogenous bases

A

Adenine with Uracil, Guanine with Cytosine

67
Q

dehydration synthesis

A

creation of molecules, results in water as a product, monomer to polymer

68
Q

hydrolysis

A

breaking of molecules, requires water to occur, polymer to monomer

69
Q

DNA function

A

stores genetic info, tells cells what amino acids to make, inherited from parents, indicates species relation

70
Q

RNA function

A

replicates genetic info, protein synthesis (translation), modified into ATP to carry energy

71
Q

ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate, high energy molecule because phosphate bonds are unstable, energy source of cell

72
Q

WP heat capacity

A

lots of energy is needed to raise temperature

73
Q

calorie

A

amount of heat energy needed to raise 1g of water by 1C

74
Q

WP heat of evaporation

A

when water boils it evaporates

75
Q

WP solvent

A

dissolves substances (solute) particularly with other polar molecules

76
Q

hydrophobic

A

water hating

77
Q

hydrophilic

A

water loving

78
Q

WP cohesion / surface tension

A

when water is next to other molecules of different type, hydrogen bonds keep water together

79
Q

WP adhesion

A

water molecules form hydrogen bonds with other substances

80
Q

capillary action

A

water moves due to forces of adhesion, cohesion, and surface tension against gravity

81
Q

WP about density

A

ice floats because water is more dense, rigid hydrogen bonds are formed

82
Q

what are functional groups

A

combination of atoms that react the same way

83
Q

functional groups examples

A

carboxyl, amino, phosphate, hydroxyl

84
Q

isomers

A

chemicals with same formula, but different arrangements

85
Q

carbohydrates

A

contain carbon hydrogen and oxygen, immediate energy source, structurally important

86
Q

monosaccharide

A

simple sugar with 3-7 carbons

87
Q

polysaccharide / disaccharide

A

monosaccharides added together, produces water, where energy is stored as starch, glycogen

88
Q

structural polysaccharides

A

cellulose, chitin, peptidoglycan

89
Q

characteristics of lipids

A

fats, hydrophobic, don’t dissolved in water

90
Q

triglycerides

A

fats and oils, 3 long hydrocarbon chains bonded to glycerol

91
Q

kink

A

bent structure of one fatty acid tail meant to prevent close packing which results in overall substance melting at lower temperatures

92
Q

saturated

A

all hydrogens possible are present (no double bonds between carbon)

93
Q

unsaturated

A

have at least one double bond between carbon, reduces number of hydrogen bonds

94
Q

sterols

A

4 interconnected carbon rings (vit D, testosterone, cortisone)

95
Q

waxes

A

fatty acids combined with alcohol or other hydrocarbons, hydrophobic

96
Q

endosymbiotic theory

A

aerobic bacterium became involved with cell developing into mitochondria, photosynthetic bacterium then involved in cells developed into chloroplasts allowing photosynthesis and developing autotrophic behavior

97
Q

cell size

A

most surface area possible, because of small size

98
Q

surface area of cells examples

A

fish gills, pollen grains, root hairs

99
Q

endomembrane system

A

membrane bearing organelles working together to transport products with vesicles

100
Q

nucleus

and what is DNA stored as

A

stores genetic information, contains chromatin (condensed DNA) that forms chromosomes

101
Q

ribosome

A

synthesis of proteins, can be free in cytoplasm or embedded in rough ER, information is stored and converted into AA during translation

102
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

embedded ribosomes, directly touching nucleus, where 3D shape of proteins occurs

103
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

lack of ribosomes, where lipids are produced

104
Q

golgi apparatus

A

processes and modifies proteins, receives lipids and proteins from ER, establishes proteins to final functional form

105
Q

lysosome

A

digestive organelle produced by the golgi in animals, has low pH, destroys non functional organelles and cytoplasm, reuses subunits in cell

106
Q

perioxisomes

A

digestive organelle with enzymes generated in free golgi, known for breaking down fatty acids

107
Q

vacuole

A

organelle filled with water fluid (found in plants), maintains hydrostatic pressure (turgidity), stores water

108
Q

chloroplast

A

uses solar energy to synthesize carbs, has double phospholipid bilayer, has chlorophyll pigments, only found in plants

109
Q

mitochondria

A

organelle that breaks down carbs to produce ATP, found in eukaryotic cells, cellular respiration used to produce ATP, forms concentration gradients all over the cell

110
Q

cytoskeleton

A

structural support, creates shape of cell

111
Q

actin filaments

A

long thin flexible fibers forming a web, interact with motor molecules to produce motion

112
Q

intermediate filaments

A

medium thickness, cell to cell communication, mechanical strength

113
Q

microtubules

A

hollow cylinders made of protein called tubulin, assembled at centrosome, organized by centrioles

114
Q

centrioles in centrosome

A

short cylinders arranged in triplets of microtubules of cytoskeleton

115
Q

cilia and flagella

A

originate at centrioles, allow for total cell movement

116
Q

cells functions

A

manufacture, breakdown and storage, energy processing, movement, and communication

117
Q

selective permeability

A

some but not all substances can pass through membrane

118
Q

what can pass through a membrane

A

small non polar (hydrophobic) molecules like oxygen

119
Q

what can not pass through a membrane

A

ions and polar molecules (without application of energy)

120
Q

fluid mosaic model

A

rather than a rigid membrane model, a multi-component structure with many molecules that drift laterally in bilayer fluid

121
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model for cholesterol

A

determines rigidity

122
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model for carbs

A

cellular identification

123
Q

channel protein

A

allows particular molecules or ions to cross the plasma membrane freely, no change in shape, used in hydrogen ion transport

124
Q

aquaporin

A

channel protein allowing polar water molecules to cross cellular membrane, maintains water pressure

125
Q

carrier protein

A

selectively interacts with specific molecule or ion and changes shape to allow molecule or ion to pass through, seen with sodium and potassium transport

126
Q

cell recognition protein

A

glycoproteins that help the body recognize when foreign cells are present, triggering an immune response, used to detect pathogens in body

127
Q

receptor protein

A

shaped so only a specific molecule can bind, then changes shape to elicit cellular response, seen with insulin triggering liver to store glycogen

128
Q

enzymatic protein

A

catalyzes a specific reaction, attached to membrane inside cell, important for metabolism

129
Q

junction protein

A

form connections between cells, signaling molecules that can pass through gap.

130
Q

solute

A

substance (usually solid) that dissolves in liquid

131
Q

solvent

A

substances (usually liquid) dissolves solute in it

132
Q

solution

A

combination of solute and solvent as a substance overall

133
Q

transport across membrane

A

molecule movement from high to low for equilibrium to be reached

134
Q

concentration gradient

A

the difference in balance between concentration in one region and concentration in the next, leads to “want” for movement, has potential energy

135
Q

more potential energy

A

more organized, less stable, more entropy

136
Q

less potential energy

A

more kinetic energy, less organized, more stable, less entropy

137
Q

passive transport

A

no energy needed, simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis

138
Q

active transport

A

energy needed, against concentration gradient, bulk transport, need transport protein, and energy

139
Q

simple diffusion

A

substance moves across gradient and naturally spreads out across space to create equilibrium, no energy needed, no protein used

140
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

substance moves across membrane with transport protein, but no energy is used, carrier protein, movement of larger polar molecules

141
Q

osmosis

A

water diffuses across semipermeable membrane, but solute stays behind, volume regulation in cells

142
Q

isotonic solution

A

solute and water are same inside and outside

143
Q

hypotonic solution

A

lower concentration of solute (more water) outside than inside cell – can cause cell to lyse

144
Q

hypertonic solution

A

higher concentration of solute (lower water) than inside cell – can cause cell to shrivel up in a process known as plasmolysis

145
Q

turgor pressure in plants

A

force of water in vacuole against cell wall

146
Q

osmoregulation

A

regulates to a certain level of balance with salt and water, regardless of environment

147
Q

osmoconformers

A

balances to the conditions of the environment with salt and water

148
Q

bulk transport

A

occurs via vesicle

149
Q

exocytosis

A

fuses with membrane from inside, pushing substance out of cell, exits

150
Q

endocytosis

A

forms outside cell, engulfs nutrients, fuses with membrane, enters cell

151
Q

endocytosis

A

pinocytosis, phagocytosis, receptor mediated

152
Q

pinocytosis

A

very small particles (liquids),a type of endocytosis

153
Q

receptor mediated

A

receptors are binded on plasma membrane, a type of endocytosis

154
Q

phagocytosis

A

bacterial cell, particle fragment (solid)

155
Q

extracellular matrix

A

ECM, things outside cell

156
Q

junction examples

A

animals, gaps (cell communication), tight (zipper), adhesion (sturdy but flexible, expand and contract)

157
Q

plasmodesmata

A

plants, pathways for transferring nutrients, and water

158
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model for proteins

A

varies based on cell type

Mar Bio 106 (5 decks)

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