EX section B

Question 1

why is Head loss unavoidable in real fluid

Answer 1

a) friction between the fluid and the walls of the pipe.

b) friction between adjacent fluid particles as they move relative to one another

c) turbulence caused by flow disturbance such as flow separation or re-direction or flow affected in any way by such components as piping entrances/exits, pumps valves, flow reducers and fittings

Question 2

how is head losses categorised?

Answer 2

i) Friction losses (major head loss)
head loss that occurs due to friction as the fluid flows through straight pipes.

ii) Separation losses (minor head loss)
head loss that occurs due to turbulence or separation as the fluid flows around bends i.e. is re-directed or affected in any way by such components as piping entrances/exits, pumps valves, bends, abrupt expansion/contraction, flow reducers and fittings

Question 3

rules for pipe in series?

Answer 3

Question 4

rules for pipe in parallel?

Answer 4

Question 5

a,b,c,d

Answer 5

Question 6

bi,bii,biii,biv

Answer 6

Question 7

a,b,c

Answer 7

Question 8

vee notch weirs

Answer 8

Question 9

flow over weird U1= 0

Answer 9