EWT - Misleading Informatiom

Question 0

Who did Loftus use as participants in her study in leading questions?

Answer 0

American students

Question 1

What type of question can mislead an eye witness?

Answer 1

Leading question

Question 2

What research method was used in The Loftus car study?

Answer 2

Lab Experiment

Question 4

Why does the Car study lack ecological validity?

Answer 4

Artificial Situation with no real emotion or consequences involved. This doesn’t represent real life eye witness situations at all

Question 5

What was the main positive implication to come from Loftus study?

Answer 5

The creation of the Cognitive Interview and it’s replacement if the old Standard Interview.

Question 6

What was the IV in the car study?

Answer 6

The different verbs used in the critical question per group

Question 8

What was the DV in the car study?

Answer 8

The estimated speed (miles per hour) of the cars

Question 9

Why is Loftus study criticised for being affected by demand characteristics?

Answer 9

The study was so unrealistic that some participants may have GUESSED what the aim of the study was. In this case participants may have been playing along rather than truly estimating speed.

Question 10

What was the critical question in the study?

Answer 10

How fast were the cars going when they ……..?

Question 11

What verbs were used in each if the critical questions?

Answer 11

Smashed
Collided
Bumped
Hit
Contacted

Question 12

What is a leading question?

Answer 12

A question that leads a witness to change their memory of an event AFTER the event.

Question 13

Name a suitable graph to demonstrate the results of the car study

Answer 13

Bar Chart

Question 14

Which group estimates the highest the speed in the car study?

Answer 14

Smashed - approx 41 mph

Question 15

The car study is highly controlled. What R does this enable?

Answer 15

It enables the study to replicated (repeated again and again

Question 16

Why can this study be deemed unethical?

Answer 16

Participants may have felt distress or humiliation during the study/debrief

Participants had to be deceived about the nature of the study

Question 17

The car study had high levels of control over the variables. What does this help us to establish?

Answer 17

Cause and Effect - that the leading questions altered the participants memory for the event DEFINITELY.

Question 18

Critics argue that The participants were not led by the questions, and that instead they…….?

Answer 18

Really found it hard to estimate speed so just guessed! They were potentially non driving students after all!

Question 19

The participants are only American and therefore results cannot be generalised to any other culture. What validity does this increase in the study?

Answer 19

Population Validity

Question 21

The car study is replicable. What does this allow researchers to test?

Answer 21

Reliability. If you do a study again and again you can see if you get similar results. If you do then your results were reliable and not flukey!

Question 22

Police asked witnesses to a robbery “how tall was the robber?” Explain what this is a leading question.

Answer 22

The word tall implies the robber WAS tall which may cause the witness to get their memory without them even realising.

Question 23

Which group was most likely to report seeing glass during the car study, even though there was none?

Answer 23

Smashed - 40% reported seeing glass! Probably because you expect to see glass if cars ‘smash’. (This is called a schema)

Question 24

Which verb produced the lowest estimates if speed?

Answer 24

Contacted - approx 31mph