Ewidence Rewision (Transport) Flashcards
Learn all the evidence you need for the topic of Transport...
A factor of traffic congestion is the separation of work and residential areas. Name some examples to support this.
Based on the 2011 report published by the US Census Bureau, a total of 132.3 million people in the country commute between their homes and workplaces daily (with more than 50% of these commutes involving distances greater than 10 km )
→ This has contributed to heavy traffic congestion in the US, costing $305 billion in lost fuel and productivity.
A factor of traffic congestion is the movement from one part of the city to another to obtain or provide goods or services. Name some examples to support this.
→ The delivery service process is carried out via different vehicles such as freight trucks and motorcycles
→ (For instance, wholesalers deliver to retail shops, and home delivery services deliver products to homes)
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→ In Singapore, an average delivery company like NinjaVan has over ten thousand drivers to deliver over seven hundred thousand packages a day to and fro from different areas
A factor of traffic congestion is inadequate transport infrastructure and poor provision of transport services. Name some examples to support this.
→ Therefore, many people turn to driving their own cars to have a more pleasant commute, increasing the car population by 51% in 6 years
An economic impact of traffic congestion is reduced productivity. Name some examples to support this.
→ According to a 2014 study by Siemens, the economic loss resulting from grave traffic congestion in Singapore amounts to about 9 percent of the annual income per capita
→ In other cities such as Lagos, Nigeria, it can be as much as 28 per cent of the country’s annual income per person
→ (An efficient transport system can provide a city with up to US$238 billion in economic value annually by 2030, according to the same report)
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→ Therefore, Singapore has been ranked consistently low on work productivity in global surveys
A social impact of traffic congestion is stress on one’s physical and mental health. Name some examples to support this.
→ The number of road accidents in Singapore is a whopping 8000 annually, which means that about over 20 accidents happen in a day → This can be co-related to the traffic congestion in Singapore, in which the duration of trips can increase by around 80% during peak hours
An enviromental impact of traffic congestion is air pollution. Name some examples to support this.
→ Exposure to smog can reduce life expectancy by as much as 15 years, according to a study published in the British Medical Journal in 2014
→ According to the US Environmental Protection Agency, more than half of the air pollution in the US is primarily caused by cars → In areas with bad traffic congestion (e.g. New York City, Los Angeles), this figure can reach up to 70%
A social impact of traffic congestion is noise pollution. Name some examples to support this.
→ A 2009 United Kingdom Noise Association report identified road traffic as the biggest cause of noise pollution in the UK, disturbing more than 12 million people
→ According to a news report in The Telegraph India in February 2010, drivers in Kolkata would honk at an average of one honk per five seconds
A strategy of traffic congestion is an integrated public transport system. Name some examples to support this.
→In Singapore, there are six transport hubs with bus interchanges that are fully integrated with rail services and retail activities as of 2014
→ Over the next 10 years, another seven integrated transport hubs will be built
→ These hubs also have linking platforms from road to rail as well as escalators which improve accessibility and speed up bus-train transfers
→ In addition, for smoother transfer between buses and trains, the same ticketing system, which is a contactless card called EZ-Link, is used for buses and trains
A strategy of traffic congestion are bus lane schemes. Name some examples to support this.
→ In Singapore, there are two types of bus lanes- normal bus lanes and full-day bus lanes
→ For normal bus lanes, driving within these lanes is prohibited for all private vehicles during weekday peak hours only
→ For full-day bus lanes, driving within these lanes is not allowed for all private vehicles from 7.30am-11pm, Mondays to Saturdays.
A strategy of traffic congestion is the expansion of rail networks. Name some examples to support this.
→ In Singapore, the government has been expanding the rail networks.
→ More MRT lines such as Cross Island Line and Jurong Region Line will be built
→ There will be extensions to existing lines such as Circle Line, Downtown Line and North East Line
→ By 2030, Singapore’s rail network will double from 178km to 360km
→ 8 in 10 homes will be located within a 10-minute walk from an MRT station
A strategy of traffic congestion is increasing capacity and frequency of buses and rail services. Name some examples to support this.
→ Starting from 2012, the Singapore government has partnered with bus operators to increase the capacity and frequency of buses through the Bus Service Enhancement Programme.
→ The programme is expected to reduce bus waiting times
→ More trains will be added to existing lines. For example, in 2016, 28 trains was added to the North-South Line and the East-West Line
→ The train signalling system was also upgraded on the North-South Line which allows trains to arrive safely every 100 seconds and carry 20% more passengers
A strategy of traffic congestion is road pricing. Name some examples to support this.
→ In Singapore, the Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) system has been implemented. 72 ERP gantries have been set up across Singapore as of 2012 and are located in more congested areas
→ CBD tends to be the most congested so ERP rates are highest there
→ As a result, traffic was reduced by 16% within zones covered by ERPs
A strategy of traffic congestion is increasing parking fees. Name some examples to support this.
→ In Shanghai, the cost of parking downtown is US$2.40 for the first hour and US$1.60 for every additional 30 minutes
A strategy of traffic congestion is enhanced traffic monitoring. Name some examples to support this.
→ Singapore uses the Expressway Monitoring and Advisory System (EMAS) to alert drivers on the roads with live information on the current situation in the event of a vehicle breakdown or an accident, allowing drivers to plan and choose and alternative route
→ Singapore also uses the Green Link Determining (GLIDE) system, which is a computerised traffic light signalling system that detects vehicles and pedestrians at major traffic junctions and adjusts the green time according to such conditions; if more vehicles are detected approaching the junction, the lights remain green to allow them to drive through; traffic signals at nearby junctions are also coordinated at the start of their green times so drivers can catch the “green wave” and travel from one junction to another without the need for them to stop
A strategy of traffic congestion is telecommuting. Name some examples to support this.
(→ In Silicon Valley, the Santa Clara Valley County Council proposed to have a strategy to encourage the companies in its jurisdiction to allow its employees to use telecommuting as a strategy → Now, most of the companies there, including large employers like Google and Facebook utilise this strategy → Even though it is the third-largest city in California, it only has the fifth-heaviest traffic congestion in California) Extra if u can memorise, if not just put “5” since textbook don’t have this
