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ISTAR foundation > EW > Flashcards

EW Flashcards

1
Q

Why is continuous development so important in EW?

A

There are always continuous improvements and new counter measures being designed to counter the latest EW tactic or equipment.

If you fail to keep up with this and fail to be ever changing, then you will be at a disadvantage.

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2
Q

What is EW?

A

Electronic warfare is any military action that involves the use of the EM spectrum or directed energy, to reduce the enemy’s effectiveness, prevent hostile use of the EM spectrum or even attack the enemy.

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3
Q

How many hertz are in a 1 MHz?

A

1 million Hz = 1 MHz

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4
Q

How many hertz are in a gigahertz ?

A

1 x 10^17 Hz = 1GHz

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5
Q

What are the divisions of electronic warfare?

A

Electronic support

Electronic attack

Electronic protection

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6
Q

What is the electronic support definition?

A

Gathering information to intercept, search, identify, record and analyse EM energy, for the purpose of immediate threat recognition , or long term operational planning.

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7
Q

What does ES spilt into?

A

Threat warning

Sigint

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8
Q

What is threat warning?

A

Radar warning receivers (RWR)

Missile warning systems (MWS)

Laser warning receiver (LWR)

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9
Q

What is SIGINT?

A

Signals intelligence, it is broken into 2 sections:

Electronic intelligence (ELINT) - detecting frequencies, how it works….

Communications intelligence (COMINT) - how it’s used, what systems are in place…

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10
Q

What is the definition of electronic attack?

A

Using the EM spectrum/energy to attack personnel, facilities or equipment the intent of degrading or destroying an enemy’s combat capability and their effectiveness of EM use.

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11
Q

What are the 3 types of EA?

A

Jamming

Deception

Neutralisation

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12
Q

What is jamming?

A

The deliberate radiation or re-radiation of EM energy to impair the effectiveness of enemy systems

EG: jamming pods

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13
Q

What is deception?

A

The deliberate radiation or re-radiation of EM energy to confuse, distract or seduce an enemy or its electronic systems

EG: flares, Chaff, decoys…

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14
Q

What is electronic neutralisation?

A

The deliberate use of EM energy to either temporarily or permanently damage enemy electronic systems.

EG: anti-radiation missiles, SEAD, DEAD

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15
Q

What is electronic protection?

A

All action to protect personnel and equipment from friendly and enemy employment of EW and EM spectrum that could degrade, neutralise or destroy friendly combat capability.

EP is the ability to defeat EA

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16
Q

What are the four elements of electronic protection?

A

EMCON (emissions control)

Electronic masking

Electronic hardening

Wartime reserve modes

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17
Q

What is EMCOM

A

Emission control is selective and controlled use of the EM Spectrum.

It aims to minimise mutual interference, prevention from enemy detection and friendly distruption.

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18
Q

What is electronic masking?

A

Controls EM on friendly frequencies to protect emissions, communications and electronic systems from enemy ESM/ES.

Examples are: frequency changes, encryption, coding, code words

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19
Q

What is electronic hardening?

A

This is electronic protection in the design phase

Designs and production techniques that allow better protection from enemy EW

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20
Q

What are wartime reserved modes?

A

This is simply not showing all of your cards to potential enemies.

We keep our full capabilities and war modes for times of conflict, and don’t use them in peacetime.

This prevents the enemy from detecting our wartime capabilities, allowing them to develop counter measures.

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21
Q

What are the difference between deception and noise jamming?

A

Deception jamming = changes strength and number of targets

Noise jamming = Denise accurate location

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22
Q

What are the performance factors of flares?

A

Peak intensity (more attractive than the aircraft)

Rise time (how quickly it burns up)

Burn-time (how long does the flare burn for)

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23
Q

What are the three types of flares?

A

High burning (ignore aircraft due to heat of flare)

Aerodynamic (forward firing)

Spectral (confuse missile with IR bands)

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24
Q

How long is chaff cut to be effective?

A

Half the length of the wavelength of the radar it is trying to disrupt

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25
Q

What are Infrared jammers?

A

Two types: Lamp based and LAIRCM

Lamp based - emits IR radiation to confuse missiles sealer head
It irradiates in 360deg so energy is lost

LAIRCM -large aircraft IR counter measure

Detects missile and a turret aims towards, firing aimed lasers or IR energy.

More accurate but it is large, heavy and needs to be cooled

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26
Q

Name some counters to lasers

A

Reflection, jamming, eye protection, anti-laser coating

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27
Q

What is a TRD?

A

Towed radar decoy

Acts as a decoy to incoming missiles

Form of deception, displays larger RCS than host aircraft

28
Q

What is the principle of a RWR?

A

To intercept, identify and locate radars

29
Q

What are the two types of RWR?

A

Digital crystal video receiver

Wide band scanning super-hetrodyne receiver

30
Q

What are the characteristics of Digital crystal video receiver?

A

Low sensitivity

Wide bandwidth

Instantaneous freq measurement with mission dependant data

Can still work without Mission dependant data

31
Q

Characteristics of a wide band scanning super heterodyne receiver

A

Narrow bandwith

High sensitivity

All HAVE to be with mission dependant data

32
Q

What are the positives and negatives of digital crystal video receivers ?

A

Wide open receiver
Good detection prob
Doesn’t have to be MDD

Lower sensitivity
RF band which can result in ambiguity

33
Q

What is MDD for RWRs?

A

Mission dependant data

Pre programmed info on what frequencies are associated with particular radars

34
Q

Name the basic components of a RWR

A

Antenna

Receiver processor

Power supply

Control panel

Audio/display

35
Q

What is sky guardian coverage?

A

Sky guardian is a RWR for rotary and large transport aircraft

0.5 - 40 GHz coverage

36
Q

What is a LWR?

A

Laser warning receiver

Warn a crew of coherent, pulsed, fast rise time radiation with very narrow bandwith

37
Q

What is the problem with LWR?

A

Laser light scatters and only covers part of the target so ….

LWR need to pick up the spread of laser and detect scattered energy

38
Q

What are the fundamentals of infrared missiles?

A

They are passive homing guidance systems

Short range
Simple and cheap
Passive/covert
Uses EM energy from target (IR heat sig.)

39
Q

Explain the 3 systems in a command guidance system (radar guided)

A

These are radar guided missiles

1st radar is target acquisition

2nd radar is missile tracking

3rd radar is missile guidance system

40
Q

What are the + and - of command guidance system (radar missiles)

A

When one element is destroyed, the whole system is useless

It’s overt, not fire and forget

Susceptible to counter measures

Multiple engagements

41
Q

What is CLOS?

A

Line of sight, purely pursuit

42
Q

What is COLOS?

A

Off of the line of sight, aims ahead

43
Q

What are the types of missile systems?

A

Passive homing guidance (infrared)

Command guidance (radar)

Beam rider (laser)

Semi active radar system (spot light radar)

Track win missile(TVM) (data link)

Active homing guidance (missile tracks, not ground)

44
Q

What is a beam rider system?

A

Laser guided missile

Only line of sight, countered by low lever flying/LWR

Hard to deploy, laser encoded

45
Q

What is a semi active radar system?

A

A high energy spot light radar that points at an aircraft, then the missile follows the deflected energy.

Cheap, accurate

Easy to detect, overt, short range

46
Q

What is a track via missile (TVM) ?

A

A target acquisition radar located an aircraft and sends a signal to the missile with a data link.

This corrects the missiles course to hit the aircraft

Overt, can be countered

Multi functional

47
Q

What is an active homing guidance system?

A

Tracking energy is transmitted and received by the missile it’s self, no ground element

Fire and forget, fast update rate

Can be countered, overt.

48
Q

What is the missile engagement process?

A

Search

Acquire

Track

Launch

Intercept

49
Q

What is the anatomy of a missile?

A

Motor

Seekerhead

Data link

Guidance and control

50
Q

What are the phases of guidance ?

A

Launch (boost)

Mid course (sustain)

Terminal (coast)

51
Q

What are the phases of flight?

A

Boost

Sustain

Coast

52
Q

What are the aspects of MWS?

A

EOMS = electro optical missile sensors (detectors)

ECU = electronic control unit (displays)

CDU = control display unit

DDL = digital data loader (loads info to ECU on what missiles to look for)

Medium

53
Q

What are the functions of MWS?

A

Provide warnings of incoming missiles

54
Q

What does MWS look for to detect missiles?

A

Muzzle flash (UV)

Motor ignition (IR)

Motor plume (IR/visible smoke trial)

Heat from the engine of the rocket

55
Q

What is the main issue with MWS?

A

False alarms.

Struggles to separate clutter and hostile detections

Unique frequencies and burn profiles are pre-programmed onto MWS to try counter act false alarms.

56
Q

What are the requirements of MWS ?

A

Low false alarm rate

Fast processing

Spherical coverage

Long range

High probability of detection

Location info

Threat level

57
Q

What is the threat warning process?

A

Detection

Tracking

Declaration

58
Q

What are the types of MWS?

A

Radar

IR

UV

59
Q

How does a Radar missile warning system work?

A

Detects an object due to its mass/RCS

Incoming missiles doppler shift is measured.

Size, speed and approach angle affect detection.

60
Q

What are the + and - of radar MWS?

A

+
Range and velocity info
All weather system

-
Limited range
Overt so Enemy can jam/see location

61
Q

Explain IR MWS

A

Detects launch, motor burn and friction generating heat from missile

Good angle of accuracy, can detect missiles throughout whole flight, covert

Larger sensor that needs cooling, high false alarm rate.

62
Q

Explain UV MWS

A

Detects UV from rocket motors and muzzle flashes

UV in the solar blind region is man made so it works off this premise.

Short range, limited detection

Small and light, passive, low false alarm rate.

63
Q

What is ESM?

A

Electronic support measures

Intercept, identify and locate EM energy

64
Q

What are the ESM contributions to the battlefield?

A

Elerets and ques other ISTAR assets

ECM ops and targeting

Intelligent collection (enemies EOB)

Threat warning

65
Q

What can we use ESM for?

A

Warning

SEAD

EL/COM INT

ISTAR - targeting

66
Q

What is ESM/range advantage?

A

The advantage gained to an aircraft when picking up signal from a ground radar, before they can see the aircraft itself

(Outside the radars effective range)

67
Q

4 levels of comsec

A

Physical

Personnel

Transmission

Cryptographic

ISTAR foundation (7 decks)

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