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EW Flashcards

1
Q

Why is continuous development so important in EW?

A

There are always continuous improvements and new counter measures being designed to counter the latest EW tactic or equipment.

If you fail to keep up with this and fail to be ever changing, then you will be at a disadvantage.

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2
Q

What is EW?

A

Electronic warfare is any military action that involves the use of the EM spectrum or directed energy, to reduce the enemy’s effectiveness, prevent hostile use of the EM spectrum or even attack the enemy.

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3
Q

How many hertz are in a 1 MHz?

A

1 million Hz = 1 MHz

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4
Q

How many hertz are in a gigahertz ?

A

1 x 10^17 Hz = 1GHz

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5
Q

What are the divisions of electronic warfare?

A

Electronic support

Electronic attack

Electronic protection

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6
Q

What is the electronic support definition?

A

Gathering information to intercept, search, identify, record and analyse EM energy, for the purpose of immediate threat recognition , or long term operational planning.

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7
Q

What does ES spilt into?

A

Threat warning

Sigint

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8
Q

What is threat warning?

A

Radar warning receivers (RWR)

Missile warning systems (MWS)

Laser warning receiver (LWR)

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9
Q

What is SIGINT?

A

Signals intelligence, it is broken into 2 sections:

Electronic intelligence (ELINT) - detecting frequencies, how it works….

Communications intelligence (COMINT) - how it’s used, what systems are in place…

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10
Q

What is the definition of electronic attack?

A

Using the EM spectrum/energy to attack personnel, facilities or equipment the intent of degrading or destroying an enemy’s combat capability and their effectiveness of EM use.

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11
Q

What are the 3 types of EA?

A

Jamming

Deception

Neutralisation

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12
Q

What is jamming?

A

The deliberate radiation or re-radiation of EM energy to impair the effectiveness of enemy systems

EG: jamming pods

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13
Q

What is deception?

A

The deliberate radiation or re-radiation of EM energy to confuse, distract or seduce an enemy or its electronic systems

EG: flares, Chaff, decoys…

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14
Q

What is electronic neutralisation?

A

The deliberate use of EM energy to either temporarily or permanently damage enemy electronic systems.

EG: anti-radiation missiles, SEAD, DEAD

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15
Q

What is electronic protection?

A

All action to protect personnel and equipment from friendly and enemy employment of EW and EM spectrum that could degrade, neutralise or destroy friendly combat capability.

EP is the ability to defeat EA

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16
Q

What are the four elements of electronic protection?

A

EMCON (emissions control)

Electronic masking

Electronic hardening

Wartime reserve modes

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17
Q

What is EMCOM

A

Emission control is selective and controlled use of the EM Spectrum.

It aims to minimise mutual interference, prevention from enemy detection and friendly distruption.

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18
Q

What is electronic masking?

A

Controls EM on friendly frequencies to protect emissions, communications and electronic systems from enemy ESM/ES.

Examples are: frequency changes, encryption, coding, code words

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19
Q

What is electronic hardening?

A

This is electronic protection in the design phase

Designs and production techniques that allow better protection from enemy EW

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20
Q

What are wartime reserved modes?

A

This is simply not showing all of your cards to potential enemies.

We keep our full capabilities and war modes for times of conflict, and don’t use them in peacetime.

This prevents the enemy from detecting our wartime capabilities, allowing them to develop counter measures.

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21
Q

What are the difference between deception and noise jamming?

A

Deception jamming = changes strength and number of targets

Noise jamming = Denise accurate location

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22
Q

What are the performance factors of flares?

A

Peak intensity (more attractive than the aircraft)

Rise time (how quickly it burns up)

Burn-time (how long does the flare burn for)

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23
Q

What are the three types of flares?

A

High burning (ignore aircraft due to heat of flare)

Aerodynamic (forward firing)

Spectral (confuse missile with IR bands)

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24
Q

How long is chaff cut to be effective?

A

Half the length of the wavelength of the radar it is trying to disrupt

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25
What are Infrared jammers?
Two types: Lamp based and LAIRCM Lamp based - emits IR radiation to confuse missiles sealer head It irradiates in 360deg so energy is lost LAIRCM -large aircraft IR counter measure Detects missile and a turret aims towards, firing aimed lasers or IR energy. More accurate but it is large, heavy and needs to be cooled
26
Name some counters to lasers
Reflection, jamming, eye protection, anti-laser coating
27
What is a TRD?
Towed radar decoy Acts as a decoy to incoming missiles Form of deception, displays larger RCS than host aircraft
28
What is the principle of a RWR?
To intercept, identify and locate radars
29
What are the two types of RWR?
Digital crystal video receiver Wide band scanning super-hetrodyne receiver
30
What are the characteristics of Digital crystal video receiver?
Low sensitivity Wide bandwidth Instantaneous freq measurement with mission dependant data Can still work without Mission dependant data
31
Characteristics of a wide band scanning super heterodyne receiver
Narrow bandwith High sensitivity All HAVE to be with mission dependant data
32
What are the positives and negatives of digital crystal video receivers ?
Wide open receiver Good detection prob Doesn’t have to be MDD Lower sensitivity RF band which can result in ambiguity
33
What is MDD for RWRs?
Mission dependant data Pre programmed info on what frequencies are associated with particular radars
34
Name the basic components of a RWR
Antenna Receiver processor Power supply Control panel Audio/display
35
What is sky guardian coverage?
Sky guardian is a RWR for rotary and large transport aircraft 0.5 - 40 GHz coverage
36
What is a LWR?
Laser warning receiver Warn a crew of coherent, pulsed, fast rise time radiation with very narrow bandwith
37
What is the problem with LWR?
Laser light scatters and only covers part of the target so .... LWR need to pick up the spread of laser and detect scattered energy
38
What are the fundamentals of infrared missiles?
They are passive homing guidance systems Short range Simple and cheap Passive/covert Uses EM energy from target (IR heat sig.)
39
Explain the 3 systems in a command guidance system (radar guided)
These are radar guided missiles 1st radar is target acquisition 2nd radar is missile tracking 3rd radar is missile guidance system
40
What are the + and - of command guidance system (radar missiles)
When one element is destroyed, the whole system is useless It’s overt, not fire and forget Susceptible to counter measures Multiple engagements
41
What is CLOS?
Line of sight, purely pursuit
42
What is COLOS?
Off of the line of sight, aims ahead
43
What are the types of missile systems?
Passive homing guidance (infrared) Command guidance (radar) Beam rider (laser) Semi active radar system (spot light radar) Track win missile(TVM) (data link) Active homing guidance (missile tracks, not ground)
44
What is a beam rider system?
Laser guided missile Only line of sight, countered by low lever flying/LWR Hard to deploy, laser encoded
45
What is a semi active radar system?
A high energy spot light radar that points at an aircraft, then the missile follows the deflected energy. Cheap, accurate Easy to detect, overt, short range
46
What is a track via missile (TVM) ?
A target acquisition radar located an aircraft and sends a signal to the missile with a data link. This corrects the missiles course to hit the aircraft Overt, can be countered Multi functional
47
What is an active homing guidance system?
Tracking energy is transmitted and received by the missile it’s self, no ground element Fire and forget, fast update rate Can be countered, overt.
48
What is the missile engagement process?
Search Acquire Track Launch Intercept
49
What is the anatomy of a missile?
Motor Seekerhead Data link Guidance and control
50
What are the phases of guidance ?
Launch (boost) Mid course (sustain) Terminal (coast)
51
What are the phases of flight?
Boost Sustain Coast
52
What are the aspects of MWS?
EOMS = electro optical missile sensors (detectors) ECU = electronic control unit (displays) CDU = control display unit DDL = digital data loader (loads info to ECU on what missiles to look for) Medium
53
What are the functions of MWS?
Provide warnings of incoming missiles
54
What does MWS look for to detect missiles?
Muzzle flash (UV) Motor ignition (IR) Motor plume (IR/visible smoke trial) Heat from the engine of the rocket
55
What is the main issue with MWS?
False alarms. Struggles to separate clutter and hostile detections Unique frequencies and burn profiles are pre-programmed onto MWS to try counter act false alarms.
56
What are the requirements of MWS ?
Low false alarm rate Fast processing Spherical coverage Long range High probability of detection Location info Threat level
57
What is the threat warning process?
Detection Tracking Declaration
58
What are the types of MWS?
Radar IR UV
59
How does a Radar missile warning system work?
Detects an object due to its mass/RCS Incoming missiles doppler shift is measured. Size, speed and approach angle affect detection.
60
What are the + and - of radar MWS?
+ Range and velocity info All weather system - Limited range Overt so Enemy can jam/see location
61
Explain IR MWS
Detects launch, motor burn and friction generating heat from missile Good angle of accuracy, can detect missiles throughout whole flight, covert Larger sensor that needs cooling, high false alarm rate.
62
Explain UV MWS
Detects UV from rocket motors and muzzle flashes UV in the solar blind region is man made so it works off this premise. Short range, limited detection Small and light, passive, low false alarm rate.
63
What is ESM?
Electronic support measures Intercept, identify and locate EM energy
64
What are the ESM contributions to the battlefield?
Elerets and ques other ISTAR assets ECM ops and targeting Intelligent collection (enemies EOB) Threat warning
65
What can we use ESM for?
Warning SEAD EL/COM INT ISTAR - targeting
66
What is ESM/range advantage?
The advantage gained to an aircraft when picking up signal from a ground radar, before they can see the aircraft itself (Outside the radars effective range)
67
4 levels of comsec
Physical Personnel Transmission Cryptographic

ISTAR foundation (7 decks)

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