EO Flashcards by Reece Archer

What aircraft use EO?

Defender

Reaper

Shadow

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What does the IR spectrum break into?

Far far IR

Far IR

Middle IR

Near IR

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What is included in the visible spectrum?

Visible light

Tv and NVG

Lasers

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0 Kelvin = ?

0 Kelvin = -273 Deg

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What affects EO performance?

Sun - rise/set

Visibility

Precipitation

Clouds

Fog

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What affects IR performance?

Sun - camera damage, thermal scarring

Visibility

Precipitation - causes attenuation BUT can be a positive (makes hotter stand out more due to colder background)

Clouds

Fog

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What is an objects emissivity value?

It is 1/ reflectivity

It is a value of an object/materials opaqueness or how it will show on IR cameras.

E.G: a true black body = 1 (highest emissivity)
Polished aluminium = 0.05 (low value)

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What determines how much IR radiation a body gives off?

Amount of heat energy

material (emissivity)

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What is IR phenomena?

+- 1 hour before and after sunrise and sunset is thermal cross over

During this time, most objects give off a similar IR reading causing all objects to appear the same.

This makes it hard to distinguish between objects

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What is the issue with IR phenomena and how do we try to counter it?

It is hard to distinguish between objects

Changing between white hot and black hot can help

Or changing to the EO camera to see if the image is better

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What are the parts/elements to an EO/IR system?

Gimbal

Turret

Master control unit

Controls

Display

Recorder

Downlink

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What is the use of the gimbal in an EO/IR system?

Gimbal stabilises, steers and points the camera

360 deg in azimuth

Limited in elevation due to camera housing and NADIR

Housing or stows the camera

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What is NADIR?

A wobble/shake that occurs when the gimbal stows a camera too far downwards.

It is the cause of lower limit of elevation

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What is the use of the turret in an EO/IR system?

Turret contains the sensors and cameras

These include:
IR camera
EO wide camera
EO narrow camera

Laser target marker
Laser range designation

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Describe where LTM and IR, narrow and wide cameras are on a turret.

IR is the opaque sensor

EO wide is the smaller lens

EO narrow is the largest lens

Laser target marker is the smallest lens

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What is a LTM

Laser target marker

Laser that illuminates or sparkles areas/targets

Seen with NVG

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What is NVG?

Night vision goggles

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What is a LRD?

Laser range designator

Precision targeting for weapons guidance

Laser with particular PRF that guided missiles onto targets

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What is LRF?

Laser range finder

Info on target range and elevation

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What are the characteristics of IR turrets?

Thermal imaging sensor

Shades of grey display

White/black hot selection

Non-linear zoom

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What are the characteristics of EO turrets?

Daytime TV camera

Narrow or wide

Linear or non-linear

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What is the master control unit?

MCU controls, manipulates and processes data from sensor payload

Interfaces with other aircraft systems (GPS)
And
the operator control unit

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What is the operator control unit?

Controls the turret (except steering)

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What does a joystick do ?

Controls the steering

What are the types of display?

Master monitor - shows the video in command, Operator selectable overlays Repeater screens - Displays a repeat of the master monitor

What are the recorders?

Built into the MCU Can be separate recorders you have to press record on

What is downlink?

Videos that are encrypted and sent to ground stations This increases SA for: CAOC/tasking authority Ground commander SU authority

What are the positives to downlink?

Increases SA for other assets: CAPC Ground commander SU authority

What is the ISR process?

Supports operations and other assets

What is the ISR process and it’s elements?

``` Who - is asking the question What - is the task When - is the info required Where - to collect Why - is the info required ```

What is the intelligence cycle?

Direction Collection Processing Dissemination Review

Who initially does analysis of PED and who does further analysis?

Initial: sensor operator and crew Further: an off board agency that feedsback into the intelligence cycle

What is PED

Product exploitation dissemination

How can EO/IR platforms be employed

Pattern of life Hello landing sites Close air support Counter IED Raid support Target ident and positive ID Convoy support Joint personnel recovery CDE/BDA

New target info requires info about...

Personnel activities Target disposition (size, numbers, locations ...) Approach routes, hazards, entries, exits

What is PID?

A trained individual who positively IDs targets If sight is lost, PID must be regained

What is pattern of life?

Builds a picture of the ‘normal’ so the abnormal stands out Looks at routes, worship times, cooking times, bed times, market times, child activities

What are the key points of convoy support/route recce?

Done pre, during and post route Remain ahead of the convoy Ident possible hazards Ensure there is a no comms backup procedure

What is counter IED?

Looking for signs of IEDs Uses POL, convert, persistent and operates in peak times to catch planting of IEDs Looks for visual markers in the earth

What to look for in Helicopter landing sites

Flat, ambush points Aware of spotter/sniper positions Close to end location w/o LOS

What is Joint personnel recovery ?

The locating and finding of personnel Look and scan for lost friendlies/targets

What are used with CAS

Close air support usually uses LTM or LRD

Types of BDA?

Physical damage - damage but can be fixed Functional damage - take out it’s main functionality Target system

Levels of ISR?

Strategic Tactical Operational

What’s the difference between ISR and ISTAR?

ISR doesn’t have the target acquisition element

What do we use to help us remember what to do in a basic search?

GODBEE

What does GODBEE mean?

Used for a basic search ``` Get the info Orientate Discuss Brief Execute Evaluate ```

How do we get information (into the aircraft)?

Comes form CAOC ATO/RSTA J2 - joint intelligence 8-liner JTAC (AO update) Aircraft handover

What is an ATO and a RSTA?

Air tasking order Reconnaissance surveillance target acquisition - comes with an ATO

What is CLEWS?

``` Cover Line of site Escape routes Weapons Spotters ``` This is what we look for on searches and helps us think like the enemy

What do we look for when searching for IEDs?

IRCAGE ``` IR employment Choke points/channeling Aiming markers Ground disturbance Environmental factors (kids not playing out..) ```

What’s the difference between ISTAR and ISR?

ISTAR is tactical ISR is strategic and operational

What are the two types of control for RPAS?

Launch recover element - getting RPAS airborne Mission control element - control during the operation

What is CAOC?

Combined air operations centre

What is NDISR?

Non-disruptive ISR

What aircraft are under NDISR?

F-35 Typhoon

Differences and similarities between RPAS and PASS?

Unmanned Lack of SA due to not feeling aircraft responses 2 second input delay Weapons still on reaper Emergency drills are the same as PASS

How are RPAS controlled?

Mission control element: Ground control section(GCS) And Ops control (Creech and waddington) Fibre optics link to a ground satellite (FSST) space satellite (Ku satellite) Aircraft (RPAS) Ops centre distribute aswell Launch/recovery element: Radio (LOS)