Evolutionary/Sociobioligical

Question 1

Influenced by Darwin’s theory of evolution, it draws on findings of anthropology, ecology, genetics, ethology, and evolutionary psychology to explain the adaptive, or survival, value of behavior for an individual or species.

Answer 1

evolutionary/sociobiological perspective

Question 2

introduced the concept of sociobiology as the application of evolutionary theory to social behavior.

Answer 2

E. O Wilson

Question 3

View of human development that focuses on evolutionary and biological bases of behavior.

Answer 3

Evolutionary/sociobiological Perspective:

Question 4

According to ______, species have developed through the related processes of survival of the fittest and natural selection

-Individuals with heritable traits fitted (better adapted) to their environments survive and reproduce more than those that are less fitted (less well adapted).

Answer 4

Darwin

Question 5

through differential reproduction success, individuals with ____________________ pass on their traits to future generations at higher levels than individuals who are less adaptively fi t.

Answer 5

more adaptive characteristics

Question 6

defined sociobiology as “the extension of population biology and evolutionary theory to social organization”.

• Sociobiology is based on the premise that some behaviors (social and individual) are at least partly inherited and can be affected by natural selection.

Answer 6

E. O. Wilson

Question 7

or conception, is the process by which sperm and ovum-the male and female gametes, or sex cells- combine to create a single cell called a zygote, which then duplicates itself again and again by cell division to produce all the cells that make up a baby.

Answer 7

Fertilization

Question 8

occurs when an egg from the mother is fertilized by a sperm from the father.

Answer 8

Conception

Question 9

In humans, the conception process begins with _________, when an ovum, or egg (the largest cell in the human body), which has been stored in one of the mother’s two ovaries, matures and is released into the fallopian tube.

Answer 9

ovulation

Question 10

Within several hours of conception, half of the 23 chromosomes from the egg and half of the 23 chromosomes from the sperm fuse together, creating a ________ — a fertilized ovum.

Answer 10

zygote

Question 11

Once the zygote attaches to the wall of the uterus, it is known as the

Answer 11

embryo

Question 12

is the fluid-filled reservoir in which the embryo (soon to be known as a fetus) will live until birth, and which acts as both a cushion against outside pressure and as a temperature regulator.

Answer 12

amniotic sac

Question 13

an organ that allows the exchange of nutrients between the embryo and the mother, while at the same time filtering out harmful material.

Answer 13

placenta

Question 14

links the embryo directly to the placenta and transfers all material to the fetus.

Answer 14

umbilical cord

Question 15

Beginning in the ninth week after conception, the embryo becomes a

Answer 15

fetus

Question 16

a type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that reduces the number of chromosomes in gametes (the sex cells, or egg and sperm).

Answer 16

Meiosis

Question 17

refers to the biological/genetic predispositions that impact one’s human traits physical, emotional, and intellectual.

Answer 17

nature

Question 18

describes the influence of learning and other “environmental” factors on these traits.

Answer 18

Nurture

Question 19

1.a liability or tendency to suffer from a particular condition, hold a particular attitude, or act in a particular way.

Example: “a child may inherit a predisposition to schizophrenia”

Answer 19

Predispositions

Question 20

refers largely to our genetics.

• It includes the genes we are born with and other hereditary factors that can impact how our personality is formed and influence the way that we develop from childhood through adulthood.

Answer 20

Nature

Question 21

studies the basic mechanics of learning. Behaviorists are concerned with how behavior changes in response to experience.

Answer 21

1. behaviorist approach

Question 22

measures quantitative differences in abilities that make up intelligence by using tests that indicate or predict these abilities.

Answer 22

2. psychometric approach

Question 23

looks at changes, or stages, in the quality of cognitive functioning. It is concerned with how the mind structures its activities and adapts to the environment.

Answer 23

3. Piagetian approach

Question 24

focuses on perception, learning, memory, and problem solving. It aims to discover how children process information from the time they encounter it until they use it.

Answer 24

4. information-processing approach

Question 25

seeks to identify what brain structures are involved in specific aspects of cognition.

Answer 25

5. cognitive neuroscience approach

Question 26

argued that infants learned to associate self and other through mirror play and tactile exploration of their own and others’ faces.

Answer 26

Piaget

Question 27

also referred to as the imitation stage, is a phase in which children copy or imitate the behaviors of others as a way of learning.

This stage occurs up until about age three.

According to Mead, they can only imitate basic gestures and words.

Answer 27

preparatory stage

Question 28

when a child uses objects to stand in for other objects.

Example:

Speaking into a banana as if it was a phone or turning an empty cereal bowl into the steering wheel of a spaceship are examples of symbolic play. Like all kinds of play, symbolic play is important to development, both academically and socially.

Answer 28

Symbolic play

Question 29

a key concept for human thought and action. The world around us appears as a coherent flow of events, each event caused by others, which in turn have causes, and so on.

Answer 29

Causality

Question 30

logical and consistent.
Similar; logical, reasonable, well reasoned, rational, Sound

Answer 30

Coherent

Question 31

During this substage, the child understands the environment purely through inborn reflexes such as sucking and looking.

Answer 31

1. Reflexes (0-1 month)

Question 32

This substage involves coordinating sensation and new schemas.

For example, a child may suck his or her thumb by accident and then later intentionally repeat the action. These actions are repeated because the infant finds them pleasurable.

Answer 32

2. Primary Circular Reactions (1-4 months)

Question 33

categories of knowledge that help us to interpret and understand the world. In Piaget’s view, a schema includes both a category of knowledge and the process of obtaining that knowledge.

Answer 33

Schemas

Question 34

During this substage, the child becomes more focused on the world and begins to intentionally repeat an action in order to trigger a response in the environment.

• For example, a child will purposefully pick up a toy in order to put it in his or her mouth.

Answer 34

3. Secondary Circular Reactions (4-8 months

Question 35

During this substage, the child starts to show clearly intentional actions.

• The child may also combine schemas in order to achieve the desired effect.
• Children begin exploring the environment around them and will often imitate the observed behavior of others.

Answer 35

4. Coordination of Reactions (8-12 months)

Question 36

During this substage, the child starts to show clearly intentional actions.

• The child may also combine schemas in order to achieve the desired effect.
• Children begin exploring the environment around them and will often imitate the observed behavior of others.

For example, a child might realize that a rattle will make a sound when shaken.

Answer 36

4. Coordination of Reactions (8-12 months)

Question 37

Children begin a period of trial-and- error experimentation during the fifth substage.

• For example, a child may try out different sounds or actions as a way of getting attention from a caregiver.

Answer 37

5. Tertiary Circular Reactions (12-18 months)

Question 38

Children begin to develop symbols to represent events or objects in the world in the final sensorimotor substage.

• During this time, children begin to move towards understanding the world through mental operations rather than purely through actions.

Answer 38

6. Early Representational Thought (18-24 months)

Question 39

six stages of the sensorimotor stage

Answer 39

reflexes, primary circular reactions, secondary circular reactions, coordination of reactions, tertiary circular reactions, and early representational thought.