Evolutionary Origins of Biodiversity Flashcards

Question

What clade contains animals?

Answer 1

Metazoan clade

Answer 2

The most species rich clade, name comes from toughened exoskeleton, grow by moulting Two most important phyla: - Nematoda: non segmented worms, no circulatory system - Arthropoda: have hardened exoskeleton which prevents desiccation, subphyla: chelicerates, myriapoda, Hexapoda, and Crustacea

Answer 3

A group of individuals of the same species that live in a area and interbreed All copies of every allele at every locus Proportion of each allele present in a population, used to see if a population is evolving

Answer 4

By oxidising inorganic compounds e.g. methane, hydrogen, ammonium....

Answer 5

Halophiles - live in salty environments Acidophiles - found in acidic environments e.g. coal spoilage heaps, acid mine drainage... Methanogens - found in anaerobic environments e.g. the gut of animals, swamps, landfill sites... Produce methane

Answer 6

~4.54 billion years old ~3.5 billion years ago

Answer 7

All have a nucleus, have a cytoskeleton, most/ all have mitochondria, can be autotrophs, heterotrophs or mixotrophs, can be single celled or multicellular e.g. seaweed.

Answer 8

Have ancestors of very different evolutionary origins

Answer 9

Excavata - named for modified cytoskeleton Rhizaria - diverse amoeba like Chromaleolata - large diverse group, divided into two sub groups alveolates and stramenopiles, contains the apicomplexans which malaria is one of Archaeplastida - contains red algae, green algae and land plants Unikonta - large and diverse, two sub groups amoebozoans and opisthokonts (contains fungi and animals)

Answer 10

1. A female Anopheles mosquito carrying malaria-causing parasites feeds on a human and injects the parasites in the form of sporozoites into the bloodstream. The sporozoites travel to the liver and invade liver cells. 2. Over 5-16 days, the sporozoites grow, divide, and produce tens of thousands of haploid forms, called merozoites, per liver cell. 3. The merozoites exit the liver cells and re-enter the bloodstream, beginning a cycle of invasion of red blood cells, asexual replication, and release of newly formed merozoites from the red blood cells repeatedly over 1-3 days. This multiplication can result in thousands of parasite-infected cells in the host bloodstream, leading to illness and complications of malaria that can last for months if not treated. 4. Some of the merozoite-infected blood cells leave the cycle of asexual multiplication. Instead of replicating, the merozoites in these cells develop into sexual forms of the parasite, called male and female gametocytes, that circulate in the bloodstream. 5. When a mosquito bites an infected human, it ingests the gametocytes. In the mosquito gut, the infected human blood cells burst, releasing the gametocytes, which develop further into mature sex cells called gametes. Male and female gametes fuse to form diploid zygotes, which develop into actively moving ookinetes that burrow into the mosquito midgut wall and form oocysts. 6. Growth and division of each oocyst produces thousands of active haploid forms called sporozoites. After 8-15 days*, the oocyst bursts, releasing sporozoites into the body cavity of the mosquito, from which they travel to and invade the mosquito salivary glands. The cycle of human infection re-starts when the mosquito takes a blood meal, injecting the sporozoites from its salivary glands into the human bloodstream .

Answer 11

There is bright sunlight unfiltered by water and plankton More CO2 Soil rich in minerals Initially there were few herbivores and pathogens on land Unoccupied niche in which to evolve (adaptive radiation) Relatively less water Less protection from UV Lack of structural support

Answer 12

Alternation of generations Multicellular dependent embryos Walled spores produce sporangia Multicellular gametangia (organism that produces gametes) Apical meristems (part of the plant which divides and grows rapidly)

Answer 13

Carl Linnaeus

Answer 14

Illegitimate names - not avalid description/ descrition not in Latin Poorly typified names - uncertain application, loss of type specimin Change of rank - e.g. species to subspecies or vise versa

Answer 15

A sac fungi and a photosynthetic microbe Fungus gains AA, sugars etc... Microbe gains protection Crustose (crusty), foliose (leafy), and fruiticose (branching)

Answer 16

Top and bottom are different but cross section in radial plane is symmetrical e.g. anemones Top/ bottom and front/ back are different but left and right are symmetrical

Answer 17

Echinoderms Starfish and other spiny skins Chordates

Answer 18

We can learn about brain development from lancelets, lancelets don't have a brain but have a swollen tip at the end of their dorsal nerve cord which suggests a precursor to the brain. They also have the same Hox gene expression that controls vertebrate brain development Tunicates can tell us about the origins of organs. They don't have organs themselves but possess genes involved in heart differentiation

Answer 19

Echinoderms - invertebrates Chordates - deterostomes with a notochord Craniates - chordates with a head Vertebrates - craniates with backbone Gnathostomes - vertebrates with jaws Tetrapods - gnathostomes with limbs

Answer 20

Speciation that occurs when organisms become geographically isolated from each other

Answer 21

An archea Bacteria (purple bacteria group) Cyanobacteria

Answer 22

Hyphae where cells aren't separate, cytokinesis hasn't occurred after mitosis Cells are separated off but cytokinesis is not complete and the is a hole in the middle of the wall separating cells

Answer 23

Where there are two haploid nuclei that have not fused (n + n). Fungi can exist in this state

Answer 24

Choanoflagellates (a protist) Some choanoflagellates are colonial and stick together using adhesion proteins. It's thought adhesion proteins were originally used to catch prey and evolved a new role in cell adhesion

Answer 25

Not all alleles have distinct alternate forms like Mendel found. Some vary greatly and this variation is caused by many different alleles e.g. Skin colour is caused by many genes. Phenotypic characteristics which can also be affected by the environment. E.g. Hydrangeas can vary in colour despite being genetically identical. In London they have pink flowers whereas in Cornwall they have blue flowers. This difference is due to soil content.

Answer 26

Cytoplasmic fusion Nuclear fusion Two genetically distinct nuclei Has two nuclei but they have not fused A strain of species only capable of sexual reproduction with other strains of the species

Answer 27

Monotremes, marsupials and eutherians

Answer 28

All multicellular - have life-cycles with complex patterns of development All heterotrophic Most animals digest food internally Most animals have some form of motility

Answer 29

Platyhelminthes - flattened worms Rotifers - tiny marine animals Brachiopods - marine animals with two part shell Annelida - segmented worms Molluscs - shelled organisms

Answer 30

Platyhelminthes - flattened, triploblastic, no gas exchange organs, include tapeworms and flukes. Annelids - live in marine, freshwater and damp environments, bilateral symmetry, gas exchange through skin, segmented: heart in each segment, include earthworms and leeches

Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Evolutionary Origins of Biodiversity Flashcards

Brainscape's Knowledge Genome^TM