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Biology - Year 1 > Chemistry and Maths > Flashcards

Chemistry and Maths Flashcards

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0
Q

What is hydrolysis?

What is condensation?

A

A chemical reaction or process in which a chemical compound is broken down by reaction with water.

A reaction where two molecular fragments are joined and water is produced.

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1
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

A special type of dipole-dipole bond that exists between an electronegative atom and a hydrogen atom bonded to another electronegative atom.

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2
Q

What are the atoms that can form hydrogen bonds?

A

Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulphur, and Phospahte.

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3
Q 
What does:
-Polar
-Non-polar
-Amphiapathic 
Mean?
A

Polar molecules dissolve in water.

Non-Polar molecules don’t dissolve in water.

Amphiapathic molecules are part polar, part non-polar.

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4
Q

What does electronegative mean?

A

The power of an atom or nucleus to withdraw or attract electrons in a covalent bond.

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5
Q

Where is the carbonyl group in a aldehyde and a ketone?

A

Aldehyde - end of carbon skeleton

Ketone - attached to two other carbons

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6
Q

What does ionised mean?

A

When an atoms has had one or more electrons removed

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7
Q

How do you calculate pH?

A

pH = -log[H+]

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8
Q

What is the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation?

A

pH = pKa + log[base]/[acid]

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9
Q

The smaller the pKa value…..

A

…..the stronger the acid.

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10
Q

What pH range do buffers work at best?

A

Numbers near their pKa value

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11
Q

What are two examples of biological buffers in the body?

A

Dihydrogen phosphate system and carbonic acid system

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12
Q

What is the only amino acid whose side chain has a pKa close to neutrality?

A

Histidine

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13
Q

What is a calorie?

A

The amount of energy required to increase the temperature of one gram of water by 1 degree.
(Not to be mixed up with the nutritional Calorie).

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14
Q

What is bond energy?

A

Energy required to break a bond, energy released when a bond is formed.

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15
Q

What is the activation energy?

A

Amount of energy required for a reaction to occur.

16
Q

What is Gibbs free energy? What is it represented by?

What is the equation for Gibbs free energy?

What do each of the symbols mean?

A

The amount of energy in a system available to do work. DeltaG.

DeltaG = DeltaH - TDeltaS

Delta H = change in enthalpy
T = temperature (K)
DeltaS = entropy

17
Q

What is enthalpy?

What is enthalpy change?

What does a positive enthalpy change mean?

What does a negative enthalpy change mean?

A

Internal energy (heat) of a system

Heat change at constant pressure.

Endothermic (requires heat)

Exothermic (releases heat)

18
Q

What is entropy?

What does a positive entropy signify?

A

Measure of disorder

Increased randomness, increased likelihood of a reaction

19
Q

Do strong acids dissociate in water?

Do weak acids dissociate in water?

A

Yes completely

Yes but not completely

20
Q

What is kinetics the study of?

A

The rate at which chemical reactions occur

21
Q

What is Avrogados number?

A

6.022x10 to the power of 23

22
Q

What is a nucleophile?

A

They are electron rich and are attracted to positively charged groups

23
Q

What are electrophiles?

A

Species that are attracted to negative centers

24
Q

What axis do the independent and dependant variable go on?

A

IV - x axis

DV - y axis

25
Q

What does the R squared value tell us?

A

How well data fits the line

26
Q

What does an unpaired t-test do?

What does a paired t-test do?

A

Compares two unrelated groups (default use)

Same test on same individual

27
Q

When do you reject the null hypothesis?

A

When P<0.05

28
Q

What is two tailed data?

What is one tailed data?

A

Data can go up or down

Data can go either up or down (e.g. growth rate)

29
Q 
What percentage is the:
1st SD 
2nd SD 
3rd SD
on a standard deviation curve?
A
  1. 2%
  2. 4%
  3. 7%
30
Q

Why is a t-test used?

A

To determine if two sets of data are significantly different from each other.

31
Q

What is a zero order reaction?

What is a first order reaction?

What is a second order reaction?

A

When the reaction rate does not depend on the concentration of the reactants so the order of reaction is zero.

When the rate of reaction depends on the concentration of just one reactant.

When the rate of reaction depends on the concentration of one reactant squared or the concentrations of two reactants.

32
Q

What is the dissociation constant of water?

A

Kw = [H+][OH-]

33
Q

What is the acid dissociation constant?

A

Ka = [A-][H+]

[HA]

Biology - Year 1 (6 decks)

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