Evolution, the themes of Biology, and scientific Inquiry Flashcards
Evolution
the process of change that has transformed life on earth form its earliest beginning to the diversity of organisms living today.
Biology
The scientific study of life.
Characteristics of living things.
order energy processing evolutionary adaptation Growth and development response to environment regulation reproduction
levels of Biological organization
Biosphere Ecosystem Communities Populations Organisms Organ systems organs Tissues Cells Organelles Molecules
Biosphere
the entire eath
Ecosytems
Consists of all the living things in a particular area, along with all the nonliving components of the environment with with life interacts, such as soil water atmospheric gases, and light.
Communities
The array of organisms inhabiting a particular ecosystem.
Populations
Consists of all the individuals of a species living within the bounds of a specified area.
Organisms
Individual living things.
Organ and organ system
organs make up organ systems and organ systems cooperate to preform a larger function.
Tissues
A group of cells that work together, preforming a specialized function.
cells
fundamental unit of life.
Organelles
functional parts that make up and preform a specific job in a cell.
Molecules
A chemical structure consisting of two or more units celled atoms .
Reductionism
Reduces complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study.
Emergent Properties
Due to the arrangement and interaction of parts as complexity increases.
Why do we study both form and function?
To see how they relate and what advantages they give the organism.
Eukaryotic Cell
Contains membrane-enclosed organelles and/or a nucleus.
Prokaryotic Cell
Does not contain a nucleus and/or is membrane-enclosed.
DNA
structures called chromosomes contain genetic material in the form of DNA.
Genes
a unit of heredity that is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring.
a distinct sequence of nucleotides forming part of a chromosome, the order of which determines the order of monomers in a polypeptide or nucleic acid molecule which a cell (or virus) may synthesize.
Gene expression
The entire process by which the information on a gene directs manufacture of a cellular product.
Genome
the haploid set of chromosomes in a gamete or microorganism, or in each cell of a multicellular organism.
•the complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell or organism. “the library”
Gemomics
An approach that investigating a single gene at a time, researchers study whole sets of genes ( or other DNA) in one or more species.
Proteomics
Refers to the study of sets or proteins and their properties.
Proteome
The entire set of proteins expressed by a given cell or group of cells.
Bioinformatics
the use of computational tools to store, organize and analyze the huge volume of data that results from high-throughput methods.
Producers
Organisms that use chemical energy in the food molecules is then passed along by plants and other photosynthetic organism to consumers.
Consumers
Organism, such as animals, that feed on producers and other consumers.
Negative Feedback
Homeostasis
Positive Feedback
Application
Evolution, the core of Biology
The theory (which is wrong) that all organism come from a common ancestors.
Classifying Life
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
Domain Bacteria
The most diverse and widespread prokaryotes and are now classified into multiple kingdoms.
Domain Archaea
a prokaryotes that lives in Earth’s extreme environment such as salty lakes and boiling hot springs.
Domain Eukarya
This domain includes three kingdoms of multicellular eukaryote: kingdom plantae, fungi, and Animalia.
What kingdoms are in Eukarya
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Protists
Kingdom Animalia
Kingdom Plantae
Consists of terrestrial multicellular eukaryotes (land plants) that carry out photosynthesis, the conversion of light energy to the chemical energy is food.
Kingdom Fungi
defined in part by the nutritional mode of it members, which absorbs nutrients from the outside their bodies.
Kingdom Animalia
Consists of multicellular eukaryotes that ingest other organisms.
Protisits
are mostly unicellular eukaryotes and some relative simple multicellular relatives
Natural selection
Natures way of “editing” what organism live and what organism by determining what traits get passed on and which ones don’t.
Darwin’s first observation
individuals in a population vary on their traits many which seem to be heritable (passed on from parents to offspring’s)
Darwin’s second observation
A population can produce far more offspring’s than can survive to produce offspring’s of their own.
Darwin’s third observation
Species generally suit their environment— in other words, they are adapted to their environment .
Evolutionary adaptation
In biology, an adaptation, also called an adaptive trait, is a trait with a current functional role in the life of an organism that is maintained and evolved by means of natural selection.
Inquiry
A search of information and explanations of natural phenomena.
Data
Recorded observations
Inductive Reasoning
Collecting and analyzing observations can lead to important conclusions based on type of logic.
Hypothesis
A tentative answer to a well framed question—an explanation trial.
Deductive Reasoning
involves logic that flows in the opposite direction, from general to specific.
Experiment
involves manipulation of one factor in a system in order to see the effects of changing it.
Variables
factors that vary in an experiment.
Controlled Experiment
One that is designed to compare an experimental group with a control group.
Independent Variable
the control
dependent variable
a factor that is measured in the experiment.
theory
an idea that is very well accepted.
ex: evolutionary adaptions arise by to natural selection.
Model Organism
A species that is easy to grow in the lab and lends itself particularly well to the question being investigated.
technology
used to apply scientific knowledge for some specific purpose.
epidermal tissue
top of the tissue
