Evolution•Test🦖 Flashcards
Spontaneous Generation
The idea that living things can arise from non-living matter.
Experiments Disproving Spontaneous Generation: Redi
Meat in jars proved that the flies laid eggs that became new flies and not that the flies just popped out of the rotting meat.
Experiments Disproving Spontaneous Generation: Pasteur
Goose neck flask proved that microbes also did not just appear out of thin air. He countered the vital force argument.
Experiments Disproving Spontaneous Generation: Miller
Large molecules can self- assemble if they are provided energy and smaller molecules
Endosymbiosis
The theory that modern eukaryotic cells arose by symbiotic arrangements of other cells rather than by evolving the organelles on their own.
Endosymbiosis lines of evidence that makes us believe
first: bacteria establish symbiotic relationships with other organisms all the time.
second: mitochondria and chloroplasts have many similarities to bacteria
third- mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA
Lamarck
In 1809 Lamarck was the first to propose a systematic view of evolution called derived traits
Derived Traits
This means any changes that are made to an adult organism get passed into the offspring. ~LAMARCK
Darwin~ Natural Selection
Darwin would say that giraffes for their long necks when individuals with slightly longer necks ate better and had more offspring than those with shorter necks.
Natural selection
The mechanism of evolution
a) Not all offspring are identical
b) More offspring are produced than can be supported- some die before reproducing
c) Individuals that manage to pass on their genes are “successful” and determine what the next generation looks like
Extinction
99.9% of all species are now extinct
Artificial Selection
Humans breeding organisms for particular traits
Mutation
an uncorrected change in the genetic code
Variation
Slight differences in the DNA sequence between individuals of the same Species due to mutations
Reproductive Isolation
The inability of two individuals from the same species to have the opportunity to mate. This can be a result of Geographical, Behavioral, Temporal, Anatomical isolation which all lead to Genetic Isolation
Geographical Isolation
They are located in different places
Behavioral Isolation
The courtship rituals are different enough to prevent mating.
Temporal Isolation
The timing of the mating season can be different
Anatomical Isolation
The organisms are physically incapable of mating
Genetic Isolation
The organism’s chromosomes are no longer homologous
Species
A groups which is genetically isolated from all other living things. (reproduction will only result in fertile offspring when matings occur within this group.)
Evolution (Whites definition)
Changing from one species into another when accumulated mutations have built up to the point where individuals can no longer mate successfully with other members of what was their species
Evidence of Evolution
1) Fossil evidence
2) Geographic distribution of similar looking but unrelated species
3) Homologous Anatomical evidence
4) Embryological evidence
5) DNA evidence
Evolution of Metabolic pathways
Include several long and complex molecular and chemical reactions including glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
Fossils determining age
Relative and Absolute dating
Relative dating
fossils that are closer to the surface are more recent (also compares it to similar rocks and fossils of known ages)
Radioactive dating
AKA carbon dating method, ratio of different isotopes of carbon is compared for the fossil and living organisms present today
Absolute dating
Used to determine a precise age of a fossil by using radioactive dating
Decay
When isotopes break down at a constant rate
Radioactive decay equations
Half life x (number of half-lives)=times passed
Convergent Evolution
where two different organism put in similar situations will develop similar characteristics
Example: shark and dolphin
Divergent evolution
where two populations of the same species put in different situations will look different
example: modern elephant and wooly mammoth are common ancestors
Coevolution
when two species evolve “in response to each other overtime”
Example: monarch butterfly and milkweed
Population shifts
Changes in allele frequencies over time can indicate that genetic drift is occurring or that new mutations have been introduced into the population
Gene pool
refers to the combination of all genes present in a reproducing population or species
Allele frequency
the percentage of a specific allele in the gene pool
Selective Pressure
the thing which includes a change in the gene pool by deciding who gets to reproduce
niche
a role in the ecosystem-like seed eater vs insect eater (describes the organism)
Adaptive Radiation
Some dramatic change in the environment drastically changing who survives. This opens up new niches. Many species will evolve from a single ancestral species
Hardy Weinberg Principle
the allele frequency will not change (Genetic Equilibrium) if the following are true
1) no selective pressure: no advantage or disadvantage
2) mating is random: not dependent on the allele
3) population is large
4) no immigration or emigration
5) no new mutations
Directional population shifts diagrams
look at pictures
Temporal population shifts
look at pictures
Gradualism
gradual changes
Punctuated Equilibrium
hypothesis that evolutionary development is marked by isolated episodes of rapid speciation
Ethology
the genetics of behavior
Reproductive strategies: R- Strategist
relies on massive numbers of offspring hoping that some small fraction will survive
Reproductive strategies: K-Strategist
spends a great deal of energy on a few offspring expecting most to survive
Energy: cold blooded
requires less food/water and does well in the desert, cannot inhabit cold environments , takes on the temp of the environment
Energy strategies: warm blooded
maintains a constant body temp, requires much more food and water, does poorly in the dessert but well in the Arctic if there is food
George Curvier
french anatomist first to propose extinction
How do we calculate the speed of a dinasour- bob bakker
height of the leg and length of its stride
How do we know that dinosaurs were most likely warm blooded- bob bakker
warm-blooded dinosaurs move at a “hot blooded cruise” (very fast). We know this from the distance between their footprints
Why would dinosaurs use low frequency sounds- david wiesample
long distance communication and other dinosaurs cannot locate the sound
Jack Horner- how do we know that one set of dinosaurs could run immediately upon hatching while another was altricial (nest bound)
shells were intact and bone consumes were found on the end
and nest bound shells were crushed and spongey ends to bone condyles
Where did the wing attach
ankles- walked slow
hips- walked good
Flapper vs glider
Flapping- cold blooded
Soaring- warm blooded
