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Honors Biology > Evolution•Test🦖 > Flashcards

Evolution•Test🦖 Flashcards

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1
Q

Spontaneous Generation

A

The idea that living things can arise from non-living matter.

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2
Q

Experiments Disproving Spontaneous Generation: Redi

A

Meat in jars proved that the flies laid eggs that became new flies and not that the flies just popped out of the rotting meat.

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3
Q

Experiments Disproving Spontaneous Generation: Pasteur

A

Goose neck flask proved that microbes also did not just appear out of thin air. He countered the vital force argument.

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4
Q

Experiments Disproving Spontaneous Generation: Miller

A

Large molecules can self- assemble if they are provided energy and smaller molecules

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5
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

The theory that modern eukaryotic cells arose by symbiotic arrangements of other cells rather than by evolving the organelles on their own.

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6
Q

Endosymbiosis lines of evidence that makes us believe

A

first: bacteria establish symbiotic relationships with other organisms all the time.
second: mitochondria and chloroplasts have many similarities to bacteria
third- mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA

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7
Q

Lamarck

A

In 1809 Lamarck was the first to propose a systematic view of evolution called derived traits

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8
Q

Derived Traits

A

This means any changes that are made to an adult organism get passed into the offspring. ~LAMARCK

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9
Q

Darwin~ Natural Selection

A

Darwin would say that giraffes for their long necks when individuals with slightly longer necks ate better and had more offspring than those with shorter necks.

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10
Q

Natural selection

A

The mechanism of evolution
a) Not all offspring are identical
b) More offspring are produced than can be supported- some die before reproducing
c) Individuals that manage to pass on their genes are “successful” and determine what the next generation looks like

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11
Q

Extinction

A

99.9% of all species are now extinct

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12
Q

Artificial Selection

A

Humans breeding organisms for particular traits

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13
Q

Mutation

A

an uncorrected change in the genetic code

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14
Q

Variation

A

Slight differences in the DNA sequence between individuals of the same Species due to mutations

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15
Q

Reproductive Isolation

A

The inability of two individuals from the same species to have the opportunity to mate. This can be a result of Geographical, Behavioral, Temporal, Anatomical isolation which all lead to Genetic Isolation

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16
Q

Geographical Isolation

A

They are located in different places

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17
Q

Behavioral Isolation

A

The courtship rituals are different enough to prevent mating.

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18
Q

Temporal Isolation

A

The timing of the mating season can be different

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19
Q

Anatomical Isolation

A

The organisms are physically incapable of mating

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20
Q

Genetic Isolation

A

The organism’s chromosomes are no longer homologous

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21
Q

Species

A

A groups which is genetically isolated from all other living things. (reproduction will only result in fertile offspring when matings occur within this group.)

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22
Q

Evolution (Whites definition)

A

Changing from one species into another when accumulated mutations have built up to the point where individuals can no longer mate successfully with other members of what was their species

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23
Q

Evidence of Evolution

A

1) Fossil evidence
2) Geographic distribution of similar looking but unrelated species
3) Homologous Anatomical evidence
4) Embryological evidence
5) DNA evidence

24
Q

Evolution of Metabolic pathways

A

Include several long and complex molecular and chemical reactions including glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

25
Q

Fossils determining age

A

Relative and Absolute dating

26
Q

Relative dating

A

fossils that are closer to the surface are more recent (also compares it to similar rocks and fossils of known ages)

27
Q

Radioactive dating

A

AKA carbon dating method, ratio of different isotopes of carbon is compared for the fossil and living organisms present today

28
Q

Absolute dating

A

Used to determine a precise age of a fossil by using radioactive dating

29
Q

Decay

A

When isotopes break down at a constant rate

30
Q

Radioactive decay equations

A

Half life x (number of half-lives)=times passed

31
Q

Convergent Evolution

A

where two different organism put in similar situations will develop similar characteristics
Example: shark and dolphin

32
Q

Divergent evolution

A

where two populations of the same species put in different situations will look different
example: modern elephant and wooly mammoth are common ancestors

33
Q

Coevolution

A

when two species evolve “in response to each other overtime”
Example: monarch butterfly and milkweed

34
Q

Population shifts

A

Changes in allele frequencies over time can indicate that genetic drift is occurring or that new mutations have been introduced into the population

35
Q

Gene pool

A

refers to the combination of all genes present in a reproducing population or species

36
Q

Allele frequency

A

the percentage of a specific allele in the gene pool

37
Q

Selective Pressure

A

the thing which includes a change in the gene pool by deciding who gets to reproduce

38
Q

niche

A

a role in the ecosystem-like seed eater vs insect eater (describes the organism)

39
Q

Adaptive Radiation

A

Some dramatic change in the environment drastically changing who survives. This opens up new niches. Many species will evolve from a single ancestral species

40
Q

Hardy Weinberg Principle

A

the allele frequency will not change (Genetic Equilibrium) if the following are true
1) no selective pressure: no advantage or disadvantage
2) mating is random: not dependent on the allele
3) population is large
4) no immigration or emigration
5) no new mutations

41
Q

Directional population shifts diagrams

A

look at pictures

42
Q

Temporal population shifts

A

look at pictures

43
Q

Gradualism

A

gradual changes

44
Q

Punctuated Equilibrium

A

hypothesis that evolutionary development is marked by isolated episodes of rapid speciation

45
Q

Ethology

A

the genetics of behavior

46
Q

Reproductive strategies: R- Strategist

A

relies on massive numbers of offspring hoping that some small fraction will survive

47
Q

Reproductive strategies: K-Strategist

A

spends a great deal of energy on a few offspring expecting most to survive

48
Q

Energy: cold blooded

A

requires less food/water and does well in the desert, cannot inhabit cold environments , takes on the temp of the environment

49
Q

Energy strategies: warm blooded

A

maintains a constant body temp, requires much more food and water, does poorly in the dessert but well in the Arctic if there is food

50
Q

George Curvier

A

french anatomist first to propose extinction

51
Q

How do we calculate the speed of a dinasour- bob bakker

A

height of the leg and length of its stride

52
Q

How do we know that dinosaurs were most likely warm blooded- bob bakker

A

warm-blooded dinosaurs move at a “hot blooded cruise” (very fast). We know this from the distance between their footprints

53
Q

Why would dinosaurs use low frequency sounds- david wiesample

A

long distance communication and other dinosaurs cannot locate the sound

54
Q

Jack Horner- how do we know that one set of dinosaurs could run immediately upon hatching while another was altricial (nest bound)

A

shells were intact and bone consumes were found on the end
and nest bound shells were crushed and spongey ends to bone condyles

55
Q

Where did the wing attach

A

ankles- walked slow
hips- walked good

56
Q

Flapper vs glider

A

Flapping- cold blooded
Soaring- warm blooded

Honors Biology (3 decks)

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