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Biogeography and Ecology > Evolution, speciation and extinction > Flashcards

Evolution, speciation and extinction Flashcards

1
Q

Evolution

A

genetically controlled changes in physiology, anatomy and behaviour that occur in a species over time

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2
Q

micro-evolution

A

evolutionary change within a species or population

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3
Q

macro-evolution

A

evolutionary change within higher taxonomic groups (genera families etc.)

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4
Q

speciation

A

development of 2 or more genetically distinct species from a single common ancestor
- speciation results form evolution
- not all evolution leads to speciation
reproductive isolation is needed for speciation

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5
Q

Clade

A

the different species that arise from the same ancestor

- Cladogenesis = Speciation

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6
Q

genetic drift

A

changes to genetic composition of population over time due to random mutations and gene loss

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7
Q

Darwinian Evolution

A
  • natural variation among individuals of a population
  • competition for limited resources
  • individual with traits that confer competitive advantage more likely to live long enough to reproduce and pass on those traits to offspring
  • natural selection
  • Neo-Darwinism, incorporates genetics
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8
Q

Chance dispersal

A
  • evolved from single ancestor

- long distance dispersal events individuals aren’t able to interbreed with their parents

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9
Q

Allopatric speciation

A
  • occurs when biological populations of the same species become isolated from each
  • population fragmented by geographic barrier
  • cannot successfully breed together
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10
Q

Variance event

A

physical barrier dividing a population into 2

- leads to allopatric speciation

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11
Q

Allopatric speciation: Grand Canyon

A
  • Harris Antelope Squirrel separated from White-tailed Antelope squirrel
  • down cutting of the Colorado river
  • same genus, different species
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12
Q

sympatric speciation

A
  • new species evolve from a single ancestral species while inhabiting the same geographic region.
  • speciation with no physical barrier
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13
Q

Ethological isolation

A

behavioural differences

- leads to sympatric speciation

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14
Q

reproductive isolation

A

different orchid species flowering in different seasons or different times of day
- leads to sympatric speciation

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15
Q

Parapatric speciation

A

different species occupy different habitats in the same geographic area

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16
Q

Phyletic gradualism

A
  • evolutionary change is slow and gradual

- transitional stages evident in fossil records

17
Q

Punctuated equilibria

A
  • long periods of stasis (little evolutionary change)
  • punctuated by abrupt environmental change and rapid speciation
  • too quick for us to see transition forms in fossils
18
Q

range and population density

A
  • spread rapidly throughout main population range when environmental change selects those traits
  • small fragmented populations undergo evolutionary divergence
19
Q

Founder effects

A

large parent population:

  • small outlier population
  • genetic drift & genetic divergence
  • subset of genetic diversity of parent population
20
Q

Bottle neck

A

high genetic diversity - catastrophic event - low genetic diversity
- genetic drift & genetic divergence

21
Q

adaptive radiation

A

the diversification of a group of organisms into forms filling different ecological niches
- differences in water, pH, temp, light intensity etc. allows species to occupy different niches

22
Q

Convergent evolution

A
  • development of similar traits among unrelated and geographically separated species
  • similar morphology, strategies and place in the ecosystem
23
Q

Parallel evolution

A
  • geographically isolated populations, which are descended from ancestor evolve into morphologically similar species
  • mammoth and African elephant
24
Q

Extinction

A
  • the loss of all individuals of a given taxon (species, genus, family)
25
Q

local extinction

A
  • disappearance in one geographic area, but persist elsewhere
  • last wolf in Britain killed in 1680
26
Q

Global extinction

A
  • disappearance of a species across its entire range

- 5 individuals of northern white rhino left on earth

27
Q

how long does a taxon last for?

A
  • Mammal genera: 10 million years
  • Primate genera: 5 million years
  • animal species: 1-2 million years
    some long lived exceptions
28
Q

plant families rate of extinction

A
  • base level rate of 1 family every 4 million years

- normal extinction rates or background extinction rates

29
Q

mass extinctions

A
  • late Devonian (360 mya)
  • late Permian (250 mya) = 95% of animal species extinct
  • late cretaceous (65 mya)
  • catastrophic events, asteroids, volcanisms
30
Q

gloabl mammoth extinction

A

climate change or overkill

Biogeography and Ecology (13 decks)

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