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Y2 AHW > Evolution principles and life histories > Flashcards

Evolution principles and life histories Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 levels of analysis in veterinary science?

A

Proximate causation - mechanistic approach

Ultimate causation - whole animal approach

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2
Q

Domestic animals are products of design by what process?

A

Natural selection

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3
Q

What is variation?

A

Individuals in a species differ in their characteristics

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4
Q

What is the definition of hereditary?

A

Parents pass on their distinctive characteristics to their offspring

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5
Q

What is the definition of differential reproduction?

A

Because of their inherited characteristics, some individuals leave more offspring than others

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6
Q

How do biologists classify species?

A

Based on their evolutionary relationships

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7
Q

What are the consequences of natural selection?

A

Species diversity

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8
Q

What is the hierarchy order?

A 
Kingdom
Phylum 
Class
Order
Family 
Genus 
Species
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9
Q

What are life history traits?

A

Traits related to growth, reproduction and longevity

Traits that interact to determine individual lifetime reproductive success

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10
Q

Give some examples of life history traits

A
  • Size at birth
  • Growth pattern
  • Age at maturity
  • Size at maturity
  • Number, size and sex ratio of offspring
  • Age and size specific reproductive events
  • Age and size specific mortality schedules
  • Longevity
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11
Q

Species with ‘fast’ life histories typically produce…?

A

More offspring

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12
Q

Are altricial animals fast or slow life history traits?

A

Fast

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13
Q

Give some features of slow life history traits

A 
Precocial
Reproduce late
Small litter
Large neonates
Long gestation
High parental care
Long lifespan
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14
Q

Fitness (W) is calculated by multiplying what 3 factors?

A

Number of offspring
Quality of offspring
Adult lifespan

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15
Q

What benefits come with a high extrinsic mortality risk (trade off)?

A

Early maturation
Higher probability of surviving to reproduce
Higher potential reproductive success by starting early

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16
Q

What are the benefits of late maturity that come with a low extrinsic mortality risk?

A

Can grow larger and have a higher fecundity

Can invest more offspring

17
Q

What decisions are faced by an animal when it comes to reproducing?

A

When to reproduce? - need to invest energy in growth

How to allocate resources available for reproduction - large number of smaller offspring or vice versa

18
Q

What factors are often reduced in large litters?

A

Offspring growth rates

Weaning size

19
Q

What does lifespan increase with in mammals and birds?

A

Body size

20
Q

Which species tend to have a faster rate of ageing?

A

Those that are at a higher risk of of dying by extrinsic causes such as predation and disease

21
Q

Why do large breeds of dog have shorter lifespans?

A

Faster growth rates in early life

Y2 AHW (15 decks)

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