Evolution- Paper 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are fossils?

A

Remains of organisms from millions of years ago that are found preserved (in rocks, ice etc.)

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2
Q

What are criterias for decay to occur?

A

Oxygen, bacteria (decomposers), correct temperature

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3
Q

Describe the five steps of fossilisation by mineralisation.

A
  1. Organism dies and falls to the ground; 2. Flesh decays, leaving the skeleton behind; 3. Bones are covered in sand/soil; 4. Bones become mineralised and turns into rock (fossil); 5. Rock with fossil emerges due to geological movement (eg. earthquake) and erosion occurs to reveal fossil
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4
Q

What are the three different types of fossils that can be formed?

A

Mineralised skeleton; Undecayed due to trapped in ice or amber; Preserved traces of organisms (eg. footprints, leaves)

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5
Q

Give 4 reasons why the fossil record is incomplete.

A
  1. Many earliest life forms are soft-bodied; 2. Most organsisms did not become fossilised; 3. Most early fossils were destroyed by geological activity; 4. Many fossils are not yet found
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6
Q

How is the fossil record helpful?

A

It shows how much organisms have changed and developed over time, and can show the environment and climate then

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7
Q

Define ‘extinction’.

A

Permanent loss of all members of a species

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8
Q

State three causes of extinction.

A

New predators; New diseases/pathogens; New/sucessful competitors

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9
Q

What causes mass extinction? Suggest two examples of this cause.

A

Single catastrophic event that also affects climate over a long period (eg. asteroid collision, volcanic eruption)

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10
Q

Suggest a chain of events initated by an asteroid collision that could lead to the extinction of dinosaurs.

A

Asteroid impact causes huge fires and earthquakes –> volcanic eruptions –> dust/ash cloud covers atmosphere –> less sunlight reaches the Earth surface –> temp drop massively + plants die –> loss of food source led to other animals’ extinction

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11
Q

What is antibiotic resistance?

A

Bacteria becoming resistant means it cannot be killed by a certain antibiotic

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12
Q

What causes antibiotic resistance?

A

Random mutations in bacteria/Bacteria sharing resistant genes

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13
Q

Describe the steps in which a bacteria strain develops resistance to an antibiotic.

A
  1. Mutation occurs in an individual bacterium within a population; 2. It survives and reproduces rapidly, making more bacteria with its resistant gene; 3. Overtime, all bacteria within the population have that gene
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14
Q

Why can bacteria evolve quicker than other organisms?

A

Because bacteria can reproduce at a quick rate

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15
Q

Suggest 3 methods to prevent and slow down the development of antibiotic-resistant strains.

A
  1. Do not overuse antibiotics; 2. Patients finish antibiotic course every time; 3. Restrict agricultural use of antibiotics
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16
Q

Why must patients finish their course of antibiotics every time?

A

To ensure all bacteria are killed by the antibiotic, so none can survive to mutate and develop resistantce

17
Q

Suggest 3 ways in which a hospital can reduce the spread of antibiotic-resistant strains.

A

Only use antibiotics if really needed; Use strain-specific antibiotics; Maintain high hygiene standards (eg. wash hands between patient visits); Isolate patients infected with resistant strain; Visitors wash hands as they enter and leave

18
Q

Why is it difficult to develop new antibiotics to combat the appearance of new antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria?

A

The development of new antibiotics is expensive and slow (won’t be able to keep up)

19
Q

What does classification of organisms mean?

A

Organisation of living things into groups based on their similarities

20
Q

Name the person who developed the classification system.

A

Carl Linnaeus

21
Q

State the 7 heirarchical levels of the Linnaean classification system.

A

Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

22
Q

Every organism has a scientific name using a binomial system. What does binomial mean?

A

Two names

23
Q

Which language does the binomial naming system use?

A

Latin

24
Q

The binomial name of an organism is made up of two words. What does each word represent of that organism?

A

The first word is the genus; second word is the species

25
Q

What are the three rules of writing a binomial scientific name of a species?

A

First letter of the genus should be in capital; First letter of the species should be in small letter; Both need to be in italics when printed or underlined when hand-written

26
Q

Why do we use the binomial naming system?

A

Every organisms’ names would vary in different languages, but Latin is considered to be the old common language in which everyone can use/understand

27
Q

How many domains and kingdoms do scientists now consider in classification?

A

3 domains; 6 kingdoms

28
Q

Based on what knowledge were the three domains set?

A

Different biochemistry of cell and ribosomes, and how cells reproduce differently

29
Q

What are the three domains?

A

Archaea, bacteria, eukaryota

30
Q

What are the six kingdoms?

A

Archaebacteria, eubacteria, protista, fungi, plants, animals

31
Q

How is classification helpful?

A

Helps us to understand evolutionary and ecological relationships

32
Q

Name the type of models that are used to show how different organisms are related.

A

Evolutionary trees

33
Q

How are evolutionary trees made?

A

By looking at similarities and differences between different groups of organisms

34
Q

What aspects of knowledge would be considered when suggesting evolutionary relationships?

A

Similarties and differences in physical structures, genetics and biochemistry