Evolution of the Modern Diet

Question 1

How do the chemical compounds in modern processed foods affect our attunement to hunger and satiety?

Answer 1

Increase hunger signals and turn off normal hormonal cues for satiety.

Question 2

How does eating nutrient dense food decrease appetite?

Answer 2

Eating nutrient poor food increases appetite as the body searches for sufficient nutrients

Question 3

Part of the brain that controls hunger

Answer 3

hypothalamus

Question 4

Nerve cells that trigger hunger

Answer 4

Neuropeptide Y & Agouti-related Peptide AGRP

Question 5

Nerve Cells that suppress hunger

Answer 5

Cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript CART & Melanocyte stimulating hormone MHS

Question 6

Ghrelin

Answer 6

hormone made in the stomach. It stimulates hunger by entering the brain and acting on the neurons in the hypothalamus to increase the activity of the hunger-causing nerve cells and reducing the activity of hunger-inhibiting cells. As the stomach empties, the release of it increases. As soon as the stomach is filled, it decreases.

Question 7

Cholecystokinin (CCK), Peptide YY, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), oxyntomodulin and uroguanilin

Answer 7

hormones produced in the upper small bowel in response to food and gives a feeling of fullness. It is released soon after food reaches the small bowel.

Question 8

Leptin

Answer 8

the most powerful appetite-suppressing hormone and is made in fat cells. The more fat cells we have, the more the body produces.

Question 9

Amylin, insulin and pancreatic polypeptide

Answer 9

made in the pancreas. When enters the brain it inhibits hunger, telling the brain “there is enough energy in the body, take a rest”.

Question 10

How long do satiety hormones take to peak?

Answer 10

“fullness” hormones peak 30-60 minutes after eating

Question 11

How long before fullness hormones reset?

Answer 11

Satiety hormones return to fasting levels 3-4 hours after eating

Question 12

How does restriction induced weight-loss affect hormones?

Answer 12

Loss of fat = loss of leptin = increased appetite
Increases in ghrelin = increase appetite
*Increased hunger, decreased satiety, increased fat storage

Question 13

The 5 basic flavors

Answer 13

Sweet, salty, bitter, sour, umami (pungent, astringent)

Question 14

6 historical milestones of the modern diet

Answer 14

1. Agricultural Revolution
2. Introduction of Refined Sugar
3. Industrial Revolution
4. Rise of big food
5. Chemical revolution
6. Digital revolution

Question 15

Dr. Weston Price

Answer 15

WWI era… compared diets and health of traditional cultures with industrialized countries

Question 16

Dr. Dame Harriette Chick

Answer 16

Studied nutrition deficient diseases: beriberi, scurvy and rickets

Question 17

Dr. Francis Pottenger

Answer 17

Looked at how nutritional deficiencies carry through generations