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Animal Behavior > Evolution of Social Behavior > Flashcards

Evolution of Social Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

Neuroethology & Evolutionary theory

A
  • arise between 1960s-1975 to influence modern animal behavior studies
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2
Q

Diverse criteria of sociality, Sociobiology (E.O. Wilson, 1975)

A
  • # of animals that come together
  • length of time group remains together
  • amount of time spent in social behavior
  • reciprocal communication
  • division of labor (“roles”) in group
  • overlap of generations & parental care
  • aid-giving: “altruism”
  • “eusociality”
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3
Q

Eusociality

A
  • reproductive division of labor (with sterility)
  • overlapping generations
  • cooperative care of young
  • seen in insects
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4
Q

Ladybugs

A
  • form dense aggregations during winter –> release warming chemical allomones to ward off predators
  • temporary increase in sociality to be antipredatory

also done by stiped catfish

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5
Q

Allomones

A

chemical substance produced & released by individual of one species that affects behavior of another species –> benefit originator, not receiver + costly to make alone

Also produced by leaf-footed coreid bugs

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6
Q

Japanese macaque grooming

A
  • grooming primarily seen by females
  • who is groomed can distinguish hierarchy or potential allyship –> identify “social climbers”
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7
Q

Some benefits of sociality

A
  • anti-predation
  • increased feeding efficiency and information sharing
  • facilitation of reproduction
  • increased competitive ability
  • division of labor
  • energy efficiency
  • social transmission of information
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8
Q

Predation detection & numbers

A
  • goshawks are less successful when they attack larger flocks of wood pigeons
  • same is seen with smooth-billed ani on butterflies
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9
Q

Chimpanzee predation

A
  • prey on mothers w/ young
  • males eat first, reward others w/ sex or some food
  • males to show allyship
  • columnist monkeys X fight back from slow feeding –> reduced energy
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10
Q

Physiological benefits of sociality

A
  • penguins & bats huddle –> minimize heat loss
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11
Q

Costs of sociality

A
  • increased competition for resources
  • increased predation pressure
  • increased transmission of disease
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12
Q

“Selfish herd” hypothesis (W.D. Hamilton)

A
  • origins of sociality are “selfish”
  • initially, animals derive a benefit from being next to others simply because reduced likelihood that any one individual will be captured
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13
Q

V.C. Wynne-Edwards

A
  • animals “self-regulate” their populations through social behaviors
  • for the benefit of species
  • case for “group selection” - related to the view that animals sacrifice personal survival & fertility to control population growth (not a conscious choice)
  • control devices: territoriality, dominance hierarchies, grouping in large flocks
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14
Q

Group selection

A

S = selfish individuals
A = altruistic individuals

  • differential survival of groups or populations
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15
Q

Levels of Selection

A

A. individual
B. kin
C. group selection

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16
Q

Richard Dawkins

A
  • selection operates on genes, not individuals
  • individual is embodiment of selection of thousands of selfish genes, each trying to perpetuate itself
  • gene not a survival unit
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17
Q

Why group selection (usually) won’t work (Williams)

A
  • by generation 14, over 99% of population would be fit to “mutant” (in model of producing 3 offspring vs. 2)
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18
Q

The problem of the “selfish” mutant (Larson)

A
  • lemming suicide
  • falsified data/observations
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19
Q

Wynne-Edwards vs. Williams

A
  • debate over whether traits like epideictic displays evolve for benefit of group/species
  • Evolutionary biologists conclude the answer is almost always NO
  • while can superficially appear as such, it’s actually the individuals that benefit
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20
Q

David Lack

A
  • 30+ year study of great tit (reproductive patterns, studied factors controlling numbers in natural populations)
  • clutch size in great tits: selection against extremes: stabilizing selection
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21
Q

Size vs. number

A
  • average weight of nestlings decreases with clutch size
  • more mouths to feed –> more effort
  • survival of offspring is related to weight of fledging
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22
Q

Experimental increase in clutch size

A
  • CS 9 ideal
  • Why don’t we see directional/selection impact? –> answer in adult survival (lifetime reproductive success vs. success in any one year)
  • Lack’s CS hypothesis suggests birds will produce # of eggs that improve survival of adults
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23
Q

Pseudomonas fluorescens

A
  • cooperating groups formed due to production of adhesive (mutation, not in response to conditions) –> interests of indivduals to align w/ that of group (access to oxygen @ surface)
  • as group: all survive even though most do not contribute adhesive
  • if “freeloaders” reproduce too much –> mat sinks –> selection on freeloaders to reproduce less
  • groups that contain enough “altruists” float survive better than groups w/ fewer altruists than that minimum number
  • groups will grow + split into daughter groups –> altruistic individuals will benefit despite cost of expending resources to produce adhesive or reproducing less
  • looks like group selection - but benefits for individual
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24
Q

Cooperation examples

A
  • cooperative prey capture
  • shared thermoregulation
  • defense of teritories
  • sharing food
  • guarding + feeding young
  • parasite removal
  • alarm calls
  • aiding attacked conspecifics
  • dying in defense of others
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25
Q

Mutualism

A
  • ex. cooperative prey capture
  • not based on equal benefit –> as long as all get more than as an individual –> cooperation
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26
Q

Haldane

A
  • would risk life to save 2 brothers or 8 cousins
27
Q

Wright’s coefficient of relatedness “r”

A
  • r = probability that any randomly selected allele in focal individual has copy (identical by descent) in the related individual
  • r = (0.5)^L (L = generation links)
28
Q

Calculating “r” for different kin classes

A
  • Parent & offspring = 0.5 (fixed)
  • Grandparent & grandchild = 0.25 (fixed)
  • Full siblings = 0.5 (probabalistic)
  • Half siblings = 0.25 (probabalistic)
  • Cousins = 0.125 (probabalistic)
29
Q

Kin selection

A
  • selection of gene’s due to an individual’s promoting the survival and reproduction of relatives (other than offspring) who possess the same genes through common descent
30
Q

Inclusive fitness

A
  • the sum of an individual’s fitness + all its influence on fitness of relatives other than direct descendents
31
Q

Fitness

A
  • the contribution to the next generation of one genotype relative to the contributions of other genotypes
32
Q

Hamilton’s kin selection rule

A

rB - C > 0
* r = coefficient of relatedness of donor to recipient
* B = benefit gained by recipient
* C = cost to donor

33
Q

Altruisim between relatives: is kin selection responsible (examples)?

A
  • honeybees (reproductive castes, defending hive by workers (females))
  • monkeys (agnostic aiding)
  • ground squirrels & prairie dogs (alarm calls, burrow defense)
  • jackals, red-cockaded woodpeckers, scrub jays (“helpers at nest”)
34
Q

Wasps vs. bees altruism

A
  • wasps can sting indefinitely –> more aggressive
  • bees die after one sting –> more kind
  • queen related to honeybees –> kin selection?
35
Q

Kin selection in honeybees

A
  • sex determination: males haploid, females diploid
  • –> Relatedness among all sisters: 0.5 paternal, 0.25 maternal –> r = 0.75
  • –> Relatedness of queen to offspring = 0.5
  • high relatedness amongst siblings gives genetic advantage to siblings & reason to defend hive (females more sacrificial)
  • avg degree of relatedness among sisters decreases by # of males mating w/ queen –> beneficial for workers to give up reproduction
36
Q

Honeybee queen mating

A
  • queen first leaves hive at ~1 week old
  • males die while mating
  • flaw in video: males only mate with own queen –> actually, goes out & emits pheromones to attact males from other hives –> increased genetic diversity to increase survival & productivity
37
Q

What is the role of kin selection in honey bee eusociality?

A
  • Ancestral honeybee: haplodipoid sex determination & monogamous mating –> kin selection
  • Evolution of eusociality: worker sterility –> subsequent selection
  • Evolution of polygamy (queen mates w/ multiple males)
  • Extant honeybees: workers no longer derive same benefit from sterility
  • haplodiploidy neuther necessary nor sufficient for eusociality
  • kin selection alone X explains eusociality in extant honeybees –> many pathways
38
Q

Termites

A

diploid but eusocial –> haplodiploidy not a requirement for eusociality

39
Q

Honeybee subgenera (Danforth et al)

A
  • eusociality evolved once in the group –> trait has been lost 6 times (species coming from eusocial lineages subsequently becoming solitary or parasitic
40
Q

Agnostic aiding in monkeys (Kurland, 1977)

A
  • Kin-correlated behavior (not necessarily kin selection) but does Hamilton’s Rule apply?
  • Recruitment screams –> directed at relatives for aid
  • X know B or C –> cannot be measured
41
Q

Alarm calling in black-tailed prairie dogs

A
  • high alarm rate w/ offspring or w/ only non-descendant/close-gen rels. in home cot
  • still call w/o close gen rels in home cot (but low)
42
Q

White-fronted bee-eaters

A
  • alloparental care –> does kin selection explain?
  • increased helpers –> increased survival –> increased supporting family
  • studies show kin-correlated behavior (X show rB-C>0)
  • siblings help parents –> X show Hamilton’s rule –> X kin selection
43
Q

Florida scrub jay helpers

A
  • defend nest against predators
  • defend territory
  • help feed nestlings –> does not directly increase chick survival (total amount of food is constant) –> lessens burden on parents
  • helpers tend to be young of breeding pair or other relatives
  • technically increased benefit in rearing own offspring
44
Q

So why do Florida scrub jays help?

A
  • increase chances of helper’s survival
  • lielihood of successful dispersal to a breeding site is low (difficult habitat)
  • males may inherit all or part of father’s territory (low chance but >0)
  • helping increases survival of helper’s parents
  • increases sibling production
  • may result in increase in territory size
45
Q

Pied kingfisher

A

Abandon helper status when mated

46
Q

White-winged choughs

A
  • helpers aren’t always related to young
  • bug out eyes to entice outsider young –> kidnapping to take care of
47
Q

Kin recognition (or kin discrimination)

A

the ability to identify, distinguish, or classify kin from non-kin regardless of the mechanism

48
Q

Kin recognition mechanisms

A
  • location (behavior varies relative to some reference point (ex. brooding parasite in nest))
  • association (if they become familiar at sensitive times during development)
  • phenotype mechanism (comparing expression of some genetically influenced trait in another animal with its expression in the individual or others recognized through association)
  • recognition alleles (green beard effect)
49
Q

Phenotype matching in sweat bees

A
  • guards allow entry based on odors of bees (increased relatedness to guard –> increased permits)
50
Q

Paper wasp nest

A
  • primitively eusocial
  • workers can reproduce but queen denies opportunity (dominance hierarchy)
  • relatively small colonies –> increased face-to-face interactions –> increased individual recognition
  • ALSO can visually recognize nest mates through facial and abdominal markings
51
Q

“green beard effect” (Dawkins)

A

genes that confers on their bearer a distinctive phenotypic trait (like a green beard) and also a bias to provide assistance to all other owners of the same trait –> form self-serving clique –> gene spreads in population

red ants –> kill new queens that X have certain allele

52
Q

ground squirrel kin recognition experiment (Sherman & Holmes)

A
  • lab-reared under conditions: siblings together, siblings apart, non-siblings together, non-siblings apart
  • later tested on altruism
  • reduced antagonism in ST & NST
  • reduced fights & increased cooperation in full sisters (rather than half)
53
Q

reciprocal altruism (Trivers)

A

individual provides a benefit to an unrelated individual w/ likelihood that recipient will return similar benefit in future encounters

ex. cleaner fish
ex. in literature: anubis baboons, black hamlet fish, vampire bats, alliances in vervet monkeys

54
Q

Anubis baboons reciprocal altruism (Packer)

A
  • dom male possessive over female –> stay together, sex, etc
  • sub male attacks dom male –> other sub male mates w/ female –> return favor to each other
  • problem: hasn’t been seen since
55
Q

Hamlet fish mating (eggs as altruism) (S)

A
  • eggs more demanding to make than sperm
  • hermaphrodites: take turns expositing eggs & sperm rather than all at once to reduce “cheating”
56
Q

Vampire bats (Wilkinson) (S)

A
  • beg for blood from colony member if unsuccessful in hunt –> return on later occasion
  • hard to prove altruism but can prove cognitive recognition among members –> how do we know not mistaken identity?
57
Q

Vervet monkeys (Seyfarth)

A
  • reciprocal altruism involving different “currencies?”
  • B groomed by A –> does B return favor when A gets in fight?
  • recorded respective screams & play back after grooming to see response –> increased duration of response to non-related members post-grooming
  • problem: too much screaming –> reduced response –> no control group
58
Q

Key issues in evaluating evidence for reciprocal altruism

A
  • Significant cost to behavior?
  • Occur w/ frequency?
  • Involve unrelated individuals?
  • “Favor” returned?
59
Q

Docility

A

species typical tendency to accept knowledge & advice transmitted through social channels

59
Q

Why is reciprocal altruism rare in animals?

A
  • cognitively demanding to identify & categorize individuals –> small groups = less demanding
59
Q

Prisoner’s dilemma & reciprocal altruism (Axelrod & Hamilton)

A
  • likelihood of playing the same choice (cooperate vs. defect) as previous round’s opponent in game
60
Q

Evolution of “docility” (Simon)

A
  • proposed simple & robust mechanism based on human docility & bounded rationality that can (indirectly) account for the evolutionary success of genuinely altruistic behavior
  • Yes, altruism exists but such X selected for –> instead indirect outcome of “docility”
  • Proximate dimension of docility & bounded rationality: reward areas of brain underpin why allegiance, conformity & acceptance result in positive experiences

on avg, adaptive bc humans learn quickly & faithfully - but can be maladaptive costs to some individuals

61
Q

Bounded rationality

A

rationality of individuals is limited by information they have, the cognitive limitations of their minds, and the finite amount of time they have to make a decision

Animal Behavior (9 decks)

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