Evolution of plant and fungi (1)

Question 1

Plants and green algae called ____________.

Answer 1

Plants and green algae called charophytes.

Question 2

Life on land offered many opportunities for plant adaptations, what were these opportunities?

Answer 2

Life on land offered many opportunities for plant adaptations that took advantage of:

-bright sunlight,
-abundant atmospheric CO2
-Initially, few pathogens or plant-eating animals

Question 3

What were the difficulties plants had tomanage when they started living on land?

Answer 3

plants must:
-maintain moisture inside their cells

-support the body in a nonbuoyant medium

-reproduce and disperse offspring without water

-anchor their bodies in soil, and
obtain resources from soil and air.

Question 4

What were the 3 key events that occurred in the history of the plant kingdom?

Answer 4

Three key events occurred in the history of the plant kingdom:-

-Origin of land plants
-Origin of vascular plants
-Origin of seed plants

Question 5

what is gametangia? What do the gametangia of ferns and mosses consist of?

Answer 5

Gametangia(plant genitalia), which consist of protective jackets of cells surrounding the gamete-producing cells

Question 6

Explain fertilization in mosses and ferns.

Answer 6

The egg remains in the female gametangium and is fertilized there by a sperm that swims through a film of water.

Mosses and ferns depend on water.

Question 7

Explain fertilization in flowering plants.

Answer 7

Pines and flowering plants have pollen grains, structures that contain sperm-producing cells.

Pollen grains are carried close to the egg by wind or animals; moisture is not required to bring sperm and egg together.

Question 8

What is vascular tissue and what are the two kinds of vascular tissue present in plants?

Answer 8

Vascular tissue is a network of thick-walled cells joined into narrow tubes that extend throughout the plant body.

Xylem: includes dead cells that form microscopic pipes conveying water and minerals up from the roots (contains lignin for extra structural support)

Phloem(sugar): consists entirely of living cells, and distributes sugars throughout the plant

Question 9

What happens to plants with no vascular system and no lignin?

Answer 9

A lack of vasculature and absence of lignin results in height restrictions for many plants

Question 10

Differentiate and give examples of vascular and non-vascular plants.

Answer 10

Nonvascular plants (bryophytes) include the mosses.

Vascular plants have lignin-hardened vascular tissues that provide strong support.(ferns)

Question 11

What are the two types of seedless vascular plants?

Answer 11

Two clades of vascular plants are informally called seedless vascular plants:

-the lycophytes (such as club mosses)
-monilophytes (ferns and their relatives).

Question 12

Differentiate between angiosperms and gymnosperms.

Answer 12

-Gymnosperms, such as pines, produce seeds in cones.

-The seeds of angiosperms develop within protective ovaries and appear as flowering plants.

Question 13

Four key adaptations for life on land distinguish the main lineages of the plant kingdom, what are they?

Answer 13

1. Dependent embryos are present in all plants.
2. Lignified vascular tissues mark a lineage that gave rise to most living plants.
3. Seeds are found in a lineage that includes all living gymnosperms and angiosperms and that dominates the plant kingdom today.
4. Flowers mark the angiosperm lineage.

Question 14

Plants have an _________in which the haploid and diploid stages are distinct, multicellular bodies.

Answer 14

Plants have an alternation of generations in which the haploid and diploid stages are distinct, multicellular bodies.

Question 15

What are the distinct multicellular haploid and diploid bodies in plants?

Answer 15

The haploid generation of a plant produces gametes and is called the gametophyte.

The diploid generation produces spores and is called the sporophyte

Question 16

Where does the diploid generation produce spores in plants?

Answer 16

The diploid generation produces spores within protective structures called sporangia

Question 17

What feature did early plants depend on for dispersal and in which plant does this trait still retained?

Answer 17

The earliest land plants relied on tough-walled spores for dispersal, a trait retained by mosses and ferns today.

Question 18

What happened as temperatures dropped during the late Carboniferous period?

Answer 18

As temperatures dropped during the late Carboniferous period:-

-glaciers formed and the climate turned drier

-wind-dispersed pollen and protective seeds gave seed plants a competitive advantage.

Question 19

Flowers are the sites of
_____and _______.

Answer 19

Flowers are the sites of pollination and fertilization

Question 20

Ovules become ______, and ovaries become ______.

Answer 20

Ovules become seeds, and ovaries become fruits.

Question 21

What are the male and female parts of a flower?

Answer 21

Stamens, which include a filament and anther, a sac at the top of each filament that contains male sporangia and releases pollen.

The carpel is the female reproductive structure, which includes the stigma, the style, and the ovary.

Question 22

What are the different seed dispersal mechanism?

Answer 22

Seed dispersal mechanisms include:
-wind
-hitching a ride on animals
-fleshy, edible deposit the seed fruits that attract animals, which then in a supply of natural fertilizer at some distance from the parent plant.