Evolution of parental care

Question 1

What does mating effort consist with?

Answer 1

• Territory defence
• Female defence
• Nupital gifts
• Mate attraction
• Flower oroduction
• Mate guarding effort

Question 2

Parental care includes

Answer 2

• Gamete investments
• Parental care

Question 3

Costs of parental care

Answer 3

• Environmental effects
• Individual effect

Question 4

Direct costs

Answer 4

• Energy
• Resource
• Lost reproductive opportunity
• Parental care is hard labour (even incubating eggs need body heat and constant care)

Question 5

Limiting resources

Answer 5

• Wirynecks lay up to one egg a day, stopping only when they “feel” a full clutch
• Removals can induce them to lay up to 76 eggs