Evolution of Microprocessor Flashcards
Uses gears, shafts, and levers
mechanical computers
capable of computing 16 digits
Difference engine
said to be capable of any mathematical operation
Analytical engine
similar to memory
Store
similar to processor
mill
1 to 3 inches high and similar to incandescent lamp
vacuum tube
machine used by the Germans to encrypt the message
Enigma
British code breakers
Colossus
compute for the trajectory of bombs during World War 2
Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer
inventor of ENIAC
John Mauchly and John Presper Eckert
A component that resolved all the disadvantages of vacuum tubes.
transistor
invented in Bell laboratory in 1947 that acts as a logical switch in digital circuits
transistor
combining multiple transistor into a single chip
integrated circuit
inventors of transistor who won the nobel prize
William Shockley, Walter Brattain and John Bardeen
invented the first IC, used very small wires to connect the transistors
Jack Kilby
invented a more practical IC, developed a method of evaporating aluminum in specific places on a silicon wafer to connect transistors
Robert Noyce
started Intel and developed integrated electronic structure and computer memories
Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore
first microprocessor was developed by
BUSICOM
developed a single general-purpose chip that could be programmed to carry out a calculator’s function
Ted Hoff
considered as the 1st microprocessor and has only 4KB of memory
Intel 4004
used in the Altair which was considered as the 1st PC
Intel 8080
who created Intel 8080
Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems by Ed Roberts
PC that has no keyboard and monitor
Altair
who created the BASIC interpreter for Altair that became the 1st product of Microsoft
Paul Allen and Bill Gates
an interpreter for the BASIC programming language that ran on the MITS Altair 8080 and subsequent S-100 bus computers.
Altair BASIC
Altair BASIC
Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code
an 8-bit microprocessor or machine that was developed by MOS-TECH. It is low cost and was used in Commodore Pet and Apple 2 in 1975.
MOS 6502
an 8-bit chip and introduced by Zilog in 1976. It was used by RADIO SHACH in its TRS-80 computer in 1977.
Z80
first successful mass-market computers
Tandy Radio Shack TRS-80, the Apple II, and the Commodore PET
It is used for electronic calculations since it made for calculator. It is first microprocessor developed primarily for games, test equipment and other simple digital systems. Only for basic or simple games.
Intel 4004
8-bit microprocessor with 16 kilobytes of memory. It can handle more complicated operations compared to Intel 4004.
Intel 8008
An Intel microprocessor with a 64 kilobytes of memory where speed of operation is ten times faster than Intel 8008 and a simple word processor may be used. A simple command line interface or CLI based word processor only.
Intel 8080
considered as the 1st microprocessor in the Intel 80x86 family or series
Intel 8086 or 8088
A 16-bit Intel microprocessor that has a 1MB of memory
Intel 8086
2 types of technology that Intel 80x86 family uses
Experimental Technology (XT)
Advanced Technology (AT)
Introduced MC6800 and MC68000 which is a 32-bit microprocessor
Motorola
developed and manufactured by the original designers of INTEL 8086/8088.
Z8
IBM introduced POWERPC with there own microprocessor called
Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC)
Complex Instruction Set Computing (CISC)
Apple/Macintosh introduced
POWERMAC
basic structure of the microprocessor
address unit
bus unit
instruction unit
control unit
arithmetic logic unit
basic structure of the microprocessor that establishes communication with the external unit
BUS UNIT
basic structure of the microprocessor that fetches and decodes the subsequent instruction of the program being run
INSTRUCTION UNIT
basic structure of the microprocessor that calculates the address (for memory location)
ADDRESS UNIT
basic structure of the microprocessor that performs data processing operations specified during the execution phase of the instruction being interrupted.
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
basic structure of the microprocessor that generates the set of timings and controls necessary for the corresponding execute phase.
CONTROL UNIT (CU)
physical group of signal lines that has a related function within a microprocessor system
(system) bus
used to enable or select the correct path for electrical communication
System Address Bus
bi-directional bus that carries back and forth data to specified location with basis to the address location of the address bus
System Data Bus
output bus whose function is to send signal that determines and initiates the type of electrical communication that is to take place on the system data bus
System Control Bus
set of lines that connects 2 or more parts that make-up an element of a computer system
internal bus
set of lines that connects to or more elements in a computer system
external bus
used to synchronize the internal and external buses
buffer
4 kinds of control lines
reset (RST)
non-maskable interrupt (NMI)
read/write (R/W)
interrupt request (IRQ)
A type of I/O control where I/O devices are treated as memory, and only has memory read and memory write.
memory mapped I/O
A type of I/O control where device has a unique address, not a memory address.
Isolated I/O or I/O mapped I/O
A type of I/O control where processor that uses this, has a special instruction called IN and OUT.
Isolated I/O or I/O mapped I/O
commonly called as central processing unit or CPU of a computer.
microprocessor
the actual brain of the computer used processing but need external components to work.
microprocessor
a single chip microcomputer consisting of a memory and an I/O unit.
microcontroller
complete system consisting of a microprocessor, a memory unit and an I/O unit
Microcomputer
example of a microcomputer with built-in microcontroller
Raspberry Pi
5 main sections of a computer
input
memory
control unit (CU)
arithmetic logic unit (ALU)
output
A main section of a computer that is used to received data or programs into the computer
input
A main section of a computer that is used for storing data and program
memory
A main section of a computer that tells the other sections what to do and when to do a certain task
control unit
A main section of a computer that is responsible for all arithmetic and logical operations
arithmetic logic unit
A main section of a computer that passes the answers and processed data to the outside world
output
Level of integration that was crucial to early aerospace projects, and aerospace projects helped inspire development of the technology
Small scale integration
(less than 10)
Level of integration that performs specific elementary digital operations such as decoders, adders, multiplexers or counters
Medium scale integration
(10 to 100 number of gates)
Level of integration that is used in devices like processors, memory chip and programmable logic devices
Large scale integration
(100 plus number of gates)
Level of integration that is used in large memory arrays and complex microcomputer chips
Very large scale integration
(5,000 TO 50,000 number of gates)
Modern processors are under this level of integration since it can process more complex instruction compared to older processors.
Ultra Large scale integration
(1,000,000 to 10,000,000)
bipolar technologies
Diode transistor logic (DTL)
Transistor-transistor logic (TTL)
Emitter-coupled logic (ECL)
bipolar technology that is already obsolete
Diode transistor logic (DTL)
bipolar technology that is still used for the logic gates. It is a popular family of SSI and MSI.
Transistor-transistor logic (TTL)
bipolar technology that is used for high speed application
Emitter-coupled logic (ECL)
A MOS and MOSFET technology that is the oldest and slowest thus it is already obsolete
PMOS p-channel MOSFETS
A MOS and MOSFET technology that dominates LSI and is used for older microprocessor and memories.
NMOS n-channel MOSFETS
A MOS and MOSFET technology that is used for applications that needs low power consumption.
CMOS complementary MOSFETS
3 functions of the microprocessor unit
data transfer operation 95%
arithmetic and logic operations 4%
decision-making operations 1%
function of the microprocessor unit that is based upon a numerical test
decision-making operations
2 determinants of speed of microprocessor units
clock frequency (gigahertz)
Millions of Instructions per Second
3 major parts of the microprocessor
arithmetic logic unit
control unit
registers
Control unit is divided into 3 parts
instruction decoder
timing
control logic
Part of control unit that serves as the control logic’s intelligence or brain of the microprocessor unit
instruction decoder
Part of control unit that synchronizes the operation of the different parts of the control unit and the computer system
timing
Part of control unit that is responsible for the operation of the different parts of the microprocessor unit and the microcomputer system
control logic
temporary storage devices
register
All results of the processes performed by the ALU are stored in this register
accumulator
codes or programs (operation code) are stored in this register
instruction register
A register that is responsible for tracking the address in the memory, of the instructions to be executed by the microprocessor.
program counter
commonly called flag register. It can also be called as condition code register. From the name itself, it indicates its status by setting or resetting the flag.
status register
A register that points to the top of the stack or the next free address
stack pointer
A register that is used to store data and are directly connected to the data bus of the system
general purpose register
A register that is used as an aid in accessing data found in tables stored in the memory
index register
microprocessor operation
fetch-decode-execute
microprocessor operation where the processor gets the instruction from memory and loads it to the internal instruction register
fetch
microprocessor operation where the processor will determine the operation to be executed
decode
microprocessor operation that depends on the instruction, it may need to read more data from the memory or write results to memory.
execute
smallest unit
bit (binary digit)
4 bits
nibble
8 bits, 2 nibbles
byte
2 bytes, 16 bits, 4 nibbles
word
4 bytes, 32 bits, 8 nibbles
double word
